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PSE FINAL > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

Refining, Paper machine, etc

1
Q

Retention Aid

A

used as a glue for fines and filler particles to fibers so they don’t pass through the paper machine

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2
Q

Types of retention aids

A

cationic starch, polyacrylamides

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3
Q

Sizing Agents

A

makes fibers/sheet water-repellent for improved printing and better stability in humidity

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4
Q

What kinds of sizing agents are needed for different grades?

A

Linerboard- liquid resistance
Printing and writing- controlled penetration

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4
Q

What are the goals of fillers?

A

improve sheet opacity by providing light-scattering surfaces
improve sheet smoothness and printability

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4
Q

What are fillers?

A

inorganic material added to improve certain characteristics

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5
Q

What are strength agents?

A

polymers that improve the dry or wet strength of sheets. polymers bridge across bonding areas between fibers

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6
Q

Dry strength agent examples

A

starches, gums, synthetics

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7
Q

Wet strength agent examples

A

PAE, GPAM, resins

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8
Q

Alum

A

Al2(SO4)3, improves drainage, additive effectiveness

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9
Q

Chest types

A

Dump chest, mix/blend chest, machine chest

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10
Q

Dump chest purpose

A

recives the raw fiber, may be a hydrapulper

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11
Q

Blend chest

A

receives stock and furnish components, often feeds the refiners

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12
Q

Machine chest

A

receives refined stock, feeds the stuff box

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13
Q

Headbox consistency

A

.5-1%

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14
Q

What is refining?

A

physical treatment performed on pulp fibers to improve their papermaking characteristics

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15
Q

What does refining do to the individual layers?

A

Removes P and S1 layers, collapses S2 layers

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16
Q

What is the Canadian Freeness Test?

A

Most common North American Test, measures the dilution of pulp

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17
Q

How does refining improve grades?

A

Better tensile/burst strengths, formation, smoothness, and printability

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18
Q

How does refining hurt grades?

A

Worse tear strength, bulk, drainage rate, air porosity, yield, and opacity

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19
Q

Stuff box function

A

overflow box, providing constant pulsation above basis weight valve

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20
Q

Basis weight valve funtion

A

scanner, meters thick stock to set sheet basis weight

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21
Q

Fan pump function

A

huge pump which mixes thin stock and white water to produce thick stock

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22
Q

Headbox cleaners function

A

used fro grades that require low level of contaminants, centrifugal force used to remove dense contaminants

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23
Headbox pressure screen function
induces pulsations in the stock to bust up fiber flocs and ensure good formation
24
Three sections of the wet end
Gravity, vacuum and press
25
Goals of wet end
distribute the paper stock uniformly across the machine, remove most of the water, press the dewatered sheet
26
Fourdrinier strengths and weaknesses
strengths: simple, good retention weakness: limited rate, two sidedness can occur
27
Top wire former strengths and weaknesses
strengths: permits water removal on both sides, can be easily added to existing fourdrinier weaknesses: lower retention of fines and filles, two wires to maintain
28
Gap former types
S, C or crescent former
29
Gap former strengths and weaknesses
strengths: good for fragile sheets, high speed, no two sideness weaknesses: complex, two wires to maintain, formation set in the headbox, poor retention
30
6 Ds of papermaking
Dose: thick stock to achieve basis weight Dilute: use white water, used for formation Disperse: put high shear to break up flocs Distribute: dilute uniformly Dewater: remove free liquid Dry: use heat to evaporate water
31
Gravity section
set formation of sheet, 85% of total water, sometimes involves microturbulence
32
Headbox function
provides pressure necessary to deliver correct amount of thin stock
33
Slice funtion
opening at the lip of the headbox, can be adjusted to change basis weight
34
Basis weight CD profile
dilution headbox uses a series of water injector tubes to dilute heavy spots
35
Forming fabric
moving wire that supports the stock/sheet and allows water drainage
36
Breast roll
support roll for fabric, usually has a shower under the headbox to keep clean, may have a shake mechanism
37
What is formation?
a general term that describes how well fibers are distributed in finished paper sheets
38
Forming board
supports wire where the stock first comes in contact with the wire
39
table rolls
rotating devices which removes water and supports the wire causes pressure pulse on the front end and vacuum spike on back end
40
Hydrofoils
static drainage devices, similar to table rolls, less intense pulse
41
Foils
front end of each foil, strips off the water from the previous foil
42
Vacuum Section
15% removal, goal is to do so without harming gross sheet structure
43
Vacuum foils
foils attached to a vacuum header to extend the vacuum zone after the foil blade
44
Vacuum boxes
perforated or slotted boxes under the wire, water removed from passing sheet through holes
45
The Dry Line
a line separating the glossy draining sheet from the duller dewatered sheet
46
The Dandy Roll
wire, mesh covered roll which rides lightly on top of sheet, near the first flat box, levels wet paper surface, improving formation and smoothness
47
Steam Boxes
usually placed over the top of flatboxes, allowing more water to be drained
48
Trim Squirt
high pressure water nozzles, used to trim off the ragged outer edge, trimmed edges fall into couch pit and are recycled
49
The Couch Roll
place where paper is released from the forming wire and onto the first press felt, has some suction
50
Press section
removes water without crushing sheet
51
Press felts
nylon based fabric used to form fluffy surface, cover the rolls that are on the press nip
52
Dry End
uses heat to remove .5% of water, dried while the sheet is stretched
53
Steam Economy
Lbs steam used/ lbs water evaporated
54
Surface Sizing
On the size press, improves strength and smoothness of
55
Calendering
a mechanical treatment carried out on the sheet after drying, flattens out the sheets ridges, reduces thickness
56
Dry End Scanning
pass different rays through the sheet to measure properties, such as caliper and strength
57
Reels
where the paper is stored, at the end of the machine
58
Slitter-Rewinder
cutes reel into desired roll sizes, is designed to run fast
59
Multi-Headbox Fourdinier
first headbox is followed by gravity and vacuum section, then a second headbox is dewatered
60
Multiple Fourdrinier
multiple headboxes and lines formed together before press section
61
Multi-layer headboxes
multiple streams feed into a single headbox, usually good for tissue
62
Why coat paper?
coating fills in the remaining micro pores on the surface of the sheet
63
Pigments
Clay, calcium carbonate, TiO2, Al2O3. All used for color purposes
64
Binders
latex, starch, proteins. add mechanical strength to the dry coating
65
Typical Coating Operations
dry paper use size press dry again use calendrer stack apply coating dry using steam calendaring again
66
How to get premium softness (tissue)
80% bleached eucalyptus kraft, 20% bleached northern softwood kraft. new way: combine hard and soft wood
67
Twin wire gap former
stock is injected into a gap formed between two forming wires. advantages: compact, fast, both sides identical
68
S wrap former
stock injected horizontally or inclined, then goes through an s motion in-between wires
69
C wrap
stock jet directly vertically between forming wires and moves up and around advantages: good for two ply sheets, can go faster, less stress on the sheet
70
Cresent Former
horizontal headbox injects between a felt and wire advantages: no transfer wire, low cost, high efficiency, good quality
71
Yankee Dryer
uses creping, sheet is dried while supported and restrained, scaped off at the end then creping is induced
72
Through Air Drying
forced hot air through wet sheet, can be done on a Yankee dryer
73
Drying terms
LDC - lightweight dry creping TAD - through air drying CTAD - creped through air drying UCTAD - uncreped through air drying
74
Market Pulp
one fiber type, no additives, not refined, formation not important, dried unrestrained, sold in bales
75
Critical Attributes of Market Pulp
brightness, uniform fiber length, cleanliness, high viscosity
76
Fluff Pulp
southern softwoods make the best fluff, good at transporting and holding liquid
77
Super Absorbent Polymers
most common: polyacrylic acid, used for hygiene, spill clean up and bandages
78
Gel blocking
a group of SAP particles, also used in many absorbent heavy products
79
Hammermill
uses rotating hammers to beat apart fluff pulp, creates a fiberized pulp
80
Fluff pulp characteristics
intermediate product, heavy, weak, only softwood, high cleanliness, no surface, lightly calendared, uniform caliper
81
Big 7 for Fluff Pulp
1. fiberization energy 2. low dirts 3. high brightness 4. high viscosity 5. uniform caliper 6. water absorption 7. reel moisture
82
Cellulose Acetate
acts like a plastic, found in phones, cigarettes

PSE FINAL (2 decks)

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