Test 3

Question 1

Antiseptic methods were first introduced by

Answer 1

Lord lister

Question 2

the term vaccine was coined by

Answer 2

pasteur

Question 3

Define the theory of spontaneous generation.

Answer 3

The theory of spontaneous generation suggested that living organisms could arise from non-living matter. For example, people believed that maggots could arise from rotting meat.

Question 4

Which historical figure is famous for introducing hygienic practice into surgery?

Answer 4

Lord Lister. He introduced antiseptic techniques in surgery using carbolic acid to reduce infections

Question 5

Which disease assisted Jenner in making the smallpox vaccine?

Answer 5

Cowpox.

In 1796, England

Jenner noticed that the milkmaids who contracted cowpox did not contract small pox.

He inoculated James Phipps
with fluid from milkmaid’s
cowpox pustule

He then exposed the boy to small pox and noticed that the boy was immune.

Question 6

Describe how Fleming discovered penicillin?

Answer 6

In 1928, Fleming observed that a mold growing in his petri dishes was inhibiting the growth of a bacteria, staphyloccus aureus. This bacteria was identifies as penicillium notatum, and helped discover the first antibiotic.

Question 7

What are the 4 postulates of Robert Koch?

Answer 7

The suspected microorganism is present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy animals.

One must isolate and grow the microorganism in pure culture.

Injection (infection) of a healthy host with the microorganism in pure cultures must cause disease.

One must be able to isolate the microorganism from the new host.

Question 8

Who produced the first vaccine against rabies and anthrax

Answer 8

Louis pasteur

Question 9

What are microbes

Answer 9

Microorganisms or microbes- these microscopic organisms are essential to life on earth. they are commonly called “germs, viruses, agents…” but not all cause disease and can be useful.

Question 10

What is microbiology

Answer 10

Microbiology is the study of very small living organisms called microorganisms or microbes, these include bacteria, algea, protozoa, fungi, viruses, and helminths

Question 11

Which is bigger, virus, bacteria, protozoa?

Answer 11

Protozoa are the largest, then bacteria, then viruses.

Question 12

Name three ways by which bacteria are classified?

Answer 12

1. Classification by shape
2. Cell wall classification by gram stain
   Gram positive: thicker cell wall
   Gram negative: thinner cell wall
3. Classification by dependence on oxygen
   Anaerobes: grow and survive in environment where there is no oxygen
   Aerobes: dependence on oxygen

Question 13

Name two ways by which bacteria cause disease

Answer 13

• Using cells for food: The bacteria break down healthy cells for food, destroying tissues
• Releasing toxins: The bacteria produce a toxin that is released into the bloodstream where it can disrupt normal activity and damage tissues

Question 14

Name three differences between viruses and bacteria

Answer 14

Viruses – non living organisms, unaffected by antibiotics, they only reproduce inside living cells/by infecting other organisms, no cytoplasm.
Bacteria – they are prokaryotic, contains a rigid cell wall, cytoplasm and ribosomes, affected by antibiotics, reproduce through binary fission.

Question 15

Give examples of a fungi, protozoa, and helminth

Answer 15

Fungi – Candia, molds, yeast, mushrooms, penicillium, tinea
Protozoa – plasmodium which causes malaria
Helminth – worms eg tapeworm, hookworm, flatworm, round worm

Question 16

Which helminth enters through walking on infected soil?

Answer 16

Hookworm

Question 17

What colour are Gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 17

Red/pink because they do not retain the crystal violet dye but do take up the red.

Question 18

What are the basic shape classifications of bacteria?

Answer 18

Rods: bacilli
Spiral: spirilla
Round: cocci

Question 19

Describe the host, disease transmission and symptoms of tubercolosis

Answer 19

Host: Human
Disease transmission: Airborne (infected person coughs or speaks)
Symptoms: Prolonged cough, cheat pain, weakness weight loss, fever

Question 20

Which disease was considered fashionable in the late 19th century?

Answer 20

Tuberculosis

Question 21

Which infectious disease is transmitted by a mosquito and resides in the liver then blood cells?

Answer 21

Malaria

Question 22

Which infectious disease is thought to have crossed to humans from African primates?

Answer 22

HIV/AIDS

Question 23

What infectious disease has the highest R value?

Answer 23

measles = 16

Question 24

Name 2 infective diseases with virtually 100% mortality.

Answer 24

Rabies
Mad cow disease

Question 25

What infectious disease is worsened by the ingestion of aspirin?

Answer 25

Reye disease

Question 26

Which childhood disease usually gives lifelong immunity once infected?

Answer 26

measles

Question 27

The glass test helps diagnose which infection?

Answer 27

meningitis

Question 28

Describe the different mechanisms of bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics. Give examples.

Answer 28

Bactericidal antibiotics - Kills bacteria, reduces bacterial load Bactericidal agents inhibit synthesis of bacterial cell walls by affecting peptidoglycans Examples of bactericidal antibiotics: Penicillins & cephalosporins Amoxicillin Bacteriostatic - Inhibit growth and reproduction of bacteria by affecting bacteria protein production and dna synthesis. Examples of bacteriostatic antibiotics: Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol

Question 29

List 5 factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance.

Answer 29

Overprescription, overuse, misuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics * Use of outdated medications * The delivery of more complex health care which may require longer use of antibiotics * Prolonged hospitalisation * Use of antibiotics in foods

Question 30

Describe the mechanism of four types of vaccines: live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and toxoid.

Answer 30

Live attenuated: contain weakened form of live pathogen. Requires 1-2 doses. Examples: Measles, mumps, rubella, smallpox Inactivated: contain killed pathogen. Requires several doses (booster shots). Examples: Hepatitis A, rabies, inactivated poliovirus vaccine Subunit: contain killed, pieces of the pathogen (eg protein). Requires several doses (booster shots) Examples: Hepatitis B Toxoid: Contains toxins made by pathogen. May require booster shots. Examples: Tetanus

Question 31

Types of microbes

Answer 31

* Bacteria (prokaryotes) * Viruses * Fungi * Protozoa * Helminths

Question 32

The most common types of microorganisms

Answer 32

bacteria, viruses and fungi.

Question 33

describe gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Answer 33

Gram positive: thicker cell wall Gram negative: thinner cell wall

Question 34

What is the R0 value

Answer 34

How many infected people will infect more people.

Question 35

benefits of sporulation

Answer 35

* Resistant to heat, chemicals, radiation * Dormant, non-dividing state * Can germinate and return to normal division once stress has passed

Question 36

how can antibiotic resistance be reduced

Answer 36

* In the community General practice Not prescribing antibiotics for colds and flu Delayed prescribing Pharmacies Offering symptomatic support for cold and flu * In the home Not taking antibiotics that haven’t been prescribed for you Discarding old antibiotic medicines appropriately * In industry Investing in research and development for antimicrobials

Question 37

Describe the host, disease transmission and symptoms of cholera. also if its gram neg or pos

Answer 37

Host: Humans Transmission: Is water borne, so drinking contaminated water or food Symptoms: mild symptoms, or watery diarrhea, vomiting, resulting in massive fluid loss * Gram –ve bacteria

Question 38

Describe the host, disease transmission and symptoms of HIV/AIDS.

Answer 38

Host: humans Transmission: Transmitted through unprotected sex, needle sharing, blood products Symptoms: weak immune system, fever. fatigue. headache.

Question 39

Describe the cause, host, disease transmission and symptoms of small pox

Answer 39

Caused by variola virus Host: humans Transmission: infective droplets during close contact with infected people who have symptoms of the disease, or in some cases through contaminated clothing and bedding. Symptoms: Fatigue, abdominal pain, then rash with pus that later develops a crust.

Question 40

Describe the host, disease transmission and symptoms of the black death (plague). and if its gram negative or positive

Answer 40

Host:* Host is a rodent. Transmission:Flea bites rodent and acquires disease. Flea bites human. Human transmits to human via respiratory droplets in pneumonic form. Symptoms: flu like symptoms, vomiting, swollen lymph nodes gram negative bacteria

Question 41

mortality vs morbidity

Answer 41

mortality - number of deaths morbidity - specfic illness

Question 42

Approximately what % of microbes cause disease in human?

Answer 42

3

Question 43

Define the term epidemic, endemic, pandemic

Answer 43

Epidemic: disease occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. Endemic: disease or condition present among a population at all times. Ex: malaria is always in Africa because of the mosquitoes. Pandemic: a disease or condition that spreads across regions. Ex: Covid 19

Question 44

What is active and passive immunisation? What advantages and disadvantages exist in their use?

Answer 44

Active immunisation: Involves stimulating the immune system to produce its antibodies and memory cells (e.g., vaccines). Advantages: Long-lasting immunity. Disadvantages: Takes time to develop immunity, might require booster doses. Passive Immunisation: Involves the direct transfer of antibodies (e.g., from mother to baby or via antibody-containing products). Advantages: Immediate protection. Disadvantages: Temporary immunity, no long-term memory.

Question 45

What are mRNA vaccines?

Answer 45

mRNA vaccines carry genetic material that teaches our cells how to make a harmless piece of “spike protein,” which is found on the surface of a virus.

Question 46

What is attenuation and inactivation? What advantages and disadvantages exist in the use of vaccines generated by these two methods?

Answer 46

Attenuation: Weakening the pathogen so it can’t cause serious disease but still stimulates an immune response. Advantages: Strong, long-lasting immunity. Disadvantages: Risk of causing disease in immunocompromised people. Inactivation: Killing the pathogen so it can’t replicate, but it can still trigger an immune response. Advantages: Safe for immunocompromised individuals. Disadvantages: May require booster doses for lasting immunity.