Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is defined as when normal epithelium becomes bigger/larger?
A
Hypertrophy
2
Q
What is defined as an increase in the number of cells?
A
Hyperplasia
3
Q
What is defined as the conversion from one type of cell to another type of cell?
A
Metaplasia
4
Q
What is this?
A
Epithelial hyperkeratosis
5
Q
What is this?
A
Epithelial acanthosis
6
Q
What is defined as a premalignant condition that indicates disordered growth? The condition may appear as erythroplakia, leukoplakia or speckled leukoplakia.
A
Epithelial dysplasia
7
Q
True or False: lesions that exhibit microscopic dysplasia frequently precede squamous cell carcinoma.
A
True
8
Q
What condition involves the cell proliferating instead of resting?
A
Genetic mutation
9
Q
What condition involves the cells looking normal but producing too much and after years another mutation occurs?
A
Hyperplasia
10
Q
What condition involves the cells being abnormal in shape and orientation, after time a mutation occurs that affects cell behaviour?
A
Dysplasia
11
Q
What condition involves the cells becoming more abnormal in growth and appearance and the tumor has not yet broken through any boundaries between tissues?
A
Carcinoma in situ
12
Q
What is this?
A
Leukoplakia
13
Q
What are most leukoplakias due to?
A
Hyperkeratosis or a combination of epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis
14
Q
Are leukoplakias considered premalignant?
A
No
15
Q
Leukoplakia on the floor of the mouth, ventrolateral tongue, soft palate and lip are more likely to represent
A
Epithelial dysplasia
16
Q
Any lesion diagnosed as epithelial dysplasia should be
A
Completely removed
17
Q
What is this?
A
Leukoplakia
18
Q
What is an oral mucosal lesion that appears as a smooth, red patch or a granular red and velvety patch?
A
Erythroplakia
19
Q
Where do most cases of erythroplakia occur?
A
Floor on the mouth
Tongue
Soft palate
20
Q
True or False: Erythroplakia is more common than leukoplakia and is considered a less serious clinical finding.
A
False. Erythroplakia is less common than leukoplakia and is considered a more serious clinical finding.
21
Q
What is this?
A
Erythroplakia
22
Q
What is this?
A
Leukoplakia
23
Q
What is this?
A
Erythroplakia
24
Q
What is this?
A
Erythroplakia
25
What is this?
Speckled erythroplakia
26
What is this?
Nicotine stomatitis
27
What condition is associated with heavy, long-term pipe/cigar/cannabis smoking due to heat on the palatal mucosa?
Nicotine stomatitis
28
How does nicotine stomatitis develop?
Starts as erythematous appearance with hyperkeratosis and opacification increasing over time. Raised red dots start to appear at opening of minor salivary gland ducts on palate.
29
What is this?
Nicotine stomatitis
30
What is this?
Snuff dipper's patch (tobacco pouch keratosis)
31
What is tobacoo pouch keratosis?
Smokeless tabocco can cause white lesions in the area where the tobacco is placed, commonly in the mucobuccal fold. Lesion is white, wrinkled appearnance in early lesions and more opaquely white with corrugated surface with long standing lesions.
32
When is a biopsy recommended for snuff dipper's patch?
When tobacoo is not longer placed in the area for 2 weeks but the lesions does not return to normal appearance
33
What are lesions on the upper and lower lips and correlate to placement of cigarettes/joints?
Smoker keratosis
34
How large are smoker keratosis lesions?
Approximately 7mm in diameter
35
What are the physical characteristics of smoker keratosis?
Raised white papules throughout patch with roughened texture and firmness to palpation
36
What is this?
Cigarette/smoker keratosis
37
What condition results from melanin production in smokers that may protect the mucosa from chemicals in tobacco smoke?
Smoker melanosis
38
Where is the most commonly affected site for smoker melanosis?
Anterior labial gingiva
39
True or False: Women are more frequently affected by smoker melanosis than men.
True
40
What is this?
Actinic cheiltis
41
What is this?
Smoker melanosis
42
What causes actinic cheilitis?
Sun exposure causing degeneration of vermillion lip tissue
43
True or False: Upper and lower lip are involved in actinic cheilitis but the lower lip is usually more severely involved.
True
44
Ratios of actinic cheilitis is __:__ men to women.
10:1
45
What is a new growth of tissues arising from existing tissues but it grows at its own rate and serves no useful purpose?
Neoplasia (Neoplasm)
46
What is this?
Tumor
47
What is the suffix for neoplasms?
Oma
48
What is a lymph tissue neoplasm?
Lymphoma
49
What is a sarcoma?
A malignant neoplasm
50
What are the tumor sites of the head and neck?
Nasopharynx
Nasal cavity
Oropharynx
Pharynx
Larynx
Thyroid gland
Metastatis Neoplasm of the neck
51
What is this?
Papilloma
52
What growth has numerous fingerlike projections composed of normal stratified squamous epithelium with a thick layer of keratin?
Papilloma
53
Where are papillomas usually found?
Soft palate or tongue
54
What is this?
Papilloma
55
What is this?
Papilloma
56
What is this?
Fibroma
57
What is this?
Fibroma
58
What is this?
Fibroma
59
What is this?
Lipoma
60
What is this?
Lipoma
61
What is this?
Lipoma
62
What is this?
Hemangioma
63
What is this?
Hemangioma
64
What is this?
Hemangioma
65
What is this?
Lymphangioma
66
What is this?
Lymphangioma
67
What is this?
Lymphangioma-cystic hygroma
68
What is this?
Neuroma
69
What is this?
Adenoma
70
What is this?
Adenoma
71
What is this?
Nevus
72
What is this?
Nevus/Nevi
73
What is this?
Melanotic macule
74
What is this?
Compound odontoma
75
What is this?
Complex odontoma
76
What is this?
Odontoma
77
What is this?
Ameloblastoma
78
What is this?
Cementoma
79
What is this?
Osteoma
80
What growth is caused by irritation, is not a true neoplasm and is a dense collagenous tissue covered by thin epithelium?
Fibroma
81
What are the physical characteristics of a fibroma?
Well defined pale pink papule that slowly enlarges to a nodule. It is smooth, symmetrical, round, firm, and painless. Rarely can be white, roughened or ulcerated due to trauma.
82
What are the characteristics of a lipoma?
Yellow mass covered by a thin layer of epithelium commonly found on the buccal mucosa and vestibule
83
What growth is a vascular malformation, a benign proliferation of capillaries and appear as variably sized, deep-red or blue lesions that frequently blanch when pressure is applied?
Hemangioma
84
True or False: Most hemangiomas are present at birth or show up shortly after.
True
85
What is a benign tumor of the lympthatic vessels?
Lympangioma
86
Is a lymphangioma more common than a hemangioma?
No
87
Where is the most common area to see lymphangioma?
Tongue
88
What is a hyperplastic response to nerve damage after severance of a large nerve fiber?
Neuroma
89
Where are neuromas frequently found?
Mandibular mucobuccal fold adjacent to mental foramen or facial to mandibular incisors, lingual to retromolar pad and ventral tongue.
90
What is the most common benign salivry gland tumor?
Adenoma
91
Where are adenomas most commonly found?
Parotid gland (EO)
Palate (IO)
92
What age do adenomas usually develop?
40+
93
What is a flat, brown or dark macule/papule that are made up of melanin producing cells in those aged 20-50?
Nevus
94
Where are nevi most commonly found?
Hard palate
Buccal mucosa
95
Where are melanotic macules most commonly found?
Lower lip close to the midline
96
How do melanotic macules develop?
Reactions to trauma, inflammation or sun damage
97
What are the ABCDE's of melanoma?
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Colour variation
Diameter larger than 6mm
Evolving or changing
98
What tumor is composed of mature enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp tissue?
Odontoma
99
What is the most common odontogenic tumor?
Odontoma
100
What are the two types of odontomas?
Compound (many small teeth)
Complex (composed of enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp, does not look like normal tooth)
101
What is the most common clinical sign of an odontoma?
Failure of tooth to erupt
102
What are the characteristics of an ameloblastoma?
Agressive
Locally invasive
Slow growth
Painless swelling
Mostly in mand molar region
Usually multiocular
103
What type of growth is a cementum producing neoplasm fused to roots of vital teeth?
Cementoma
104
Where are cemetomas usually found?
Mand molar or premolar
105
What neoplasm is a bony hard mass that is composed of compact or cancellous bone?
Osteoma
106
What are the two types of osteomas?
Peripheral (extends from bone)
Central (confined inside bone)
107
What are the early warning signs of oral cancer?
Ulceration that does not heal
White area rough an/or smooth
Red and white pebbly areas
Area that is red and velvety
Ulcer feeling firm, nodular, and large
Papillary masses
108
What are the late signs of oral cancer?
Any swelling that cannot be diagnosed
Pain
Bleeding
Difficulty swallowing/problems speaking
Lympadenopathy/lumps in neck
Unexplained rapid weight loss
109
__% of oral cancer lesions are well advanced at the time of discovery.
60%
110
What are the five stages of oral cancer?
Stage 0 through 4
111
What stage is carcinoma in situ, cancer cells are only found in the cells in the lining of the lips or mouth?
Stage 0
112
What stage of oral cancer is it when the tumor is less than 2cm in size and has not spread to lymph nodes?
Stage 1
113
What stage of oral cancer is it when the tumor is larger than 2.5cm but smaller than 4cm nd the cancer cells have not spread to the lymph nodes?
Stage 2
114
What stage of oral cancer is it when the tumor is larger than 4cm or the cancer cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes?
Stage 3
115
What stage of oral cancer is it when the cancer has spread to the lymph node with lymph node tumors larger than 3cm, or cancer cells have spread to other parts of the mouth or body?
Stage 4
116
What is the grading system for cancer?
Grades 1 through 3
117
What grade is cancer cells that resemble normal cells and aren't growing rapidly?
Grade I
118
What grade are cancer cells that don't look like normal cells and are growing faster than normal cells?
Grade II
119
What grade are cancer cells that look abnormal and may grow or spread more agressively?
Grade III
120
What are the treatments for oral cancer?
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Surgical excision
121
What are the most commony areas of squamous cell carcinoma?
Lower lip
Lateral border of the tongue
Floor of the mouth
Buccal mucosa
Palate
Tonsils/oropharynx
Gingiva
122
What is the most commonly primary malignancy of the oral cavity?
Squamous cell carcinoma
123
What specific type of squamous cell carcinoma has a much better prognosis, is a slowly growing exophytic tumor with pebbly white and red surface found in the vestibule and buccal mucosa?
Verrucous carcinoma
124
What is assoicated with sun exposure and it frequent on the skin of the face, begins as a small 0.5cm ulcer but enlargers slowely with destruction of underlying structures and metastasis is extremely rare?
Basal cell carcinoma
125
What type of cancer is a malignant tumor of melanocytes and usually from prolonged sun exposure?
Malignant melanoma
126
What is the most common malignant salivary gland neoplasm?
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
127
What are the characteristics of mucoepidermoid carcinoma?
Unencapsulated, infiltrating tumor, bluish appearance or mucous exudate from ulcerated surface, pools of necrotic fluid radiographically visible
128
What does adenoid cyst carcinoma affect?
Minor or major salivary glands
129
What are the most common sites of adenoid cyst carcinomas?
Parotid gland (EO)
Palate (IO)
130
What are the warning signs of lymphoma?
Fever
Swelling of the face and neck
Lump in your neck, armpits or groin
Excessive night sweating
Unexpected weight loss
Loss of appetite
Fealing of weakness
Breathlessness
Itchiness
131
What is the staging for lymphoma?
Stage I: involvement of single lymph node
Stage II: involvement of two or more lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm
Stage III: Involvement of lymph node regions on both side of the diaphragm which may include the spleen
Stage IV: Multiple of disseminated foci of involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs or tissues with or without lymphatic involvement
132
What is included in Waldeyer's Ring?
Adenoid
Tubual tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
133
What are the two major types of lymphoma?
Hodgkin's
Non-Hodgkin's
134
Does Hodgkin's Lymphoma contain Reed-Sternberg cells?
Yes
135
Does Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma contain Reed-Sternberg cells?
No
136
What is this?
Multiple myeloma
137
What is the difference between the symptoms of acute and chronic leukemia?
Acute may cause signs and symptoms similar to the flu, while chronic often causes only a few symptoms or none at all.
138
What are the risk factors for leukemia?
Viral infections
Heredity/genetics/family cancers
Environmental (smoking, drugs, radiation, etc)
139
What are the oral signs of leukemia?
Paleness of mucosa
Bleeding gingiva
Tiny, flat, red petachaie caused by bleeding just under the surface
Frequent infections of the gingiva
Frequent reccurent herpes
Red raw sore throat
140
What is this?
Leukemia
141
What is this?
Oral mucositis
142
What is this?
Radiation caries
143
What is this?
Osteo-radiation necrosis
