TEST 3 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Prawn feeding type
A
ominvours
2
Q
Male morphotypes (prawns)
A
smale male then organe claw, then blue claw
3
Q
density of males (prawns)
A
younger males do not mature if there is a large organe claw or even larger blue claw
4
Q
male sperm (prawns)
A
gelatinous mass that is held underneath the body of the female
5
Q
After fertalization gravid females migrate…(prawns)
A
downstream to tjhe estuary where th eggs hatch as free-swimming larvae
6
Q
How many molts do the newly hatched larvae go through (prawns)
A
11 molts in 35 days
7
Q
Mating (prawns)
A
11 well-pigmented male to several female
fresh tank water
female molt becomes soft
8
Q
eggs (prawns)
A
Fertalized eggs change from orange to greyish brown when they are ready to hatch
9
Q
Culture (prawns)
A
females with eggs moved to salt water after hatching
10
Q
First stage zoea are …..long (prawns)
A
2 mm
11
Q
Eyestalk ablation
A
is effective in forcing females to produce eggs. However, not needed with prawns since they readily reproduce
12
Q
Larval rearing
A
may start at high levels, reduce dilution in the same tank, feed 4-6 ties a day
13
Q
Post-larvae
A
will cannibalism, armetia is no longer required
14
Q
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus):
A
Can grow very large (largest example was 2 ft in length).
Temperature range from 56-91 °F, but 80-90 is best.
Reaches sexual maturity in 5-6 months- ¾-1 pound.
A mouthbrooding species (both eggs and fry).
Least saline tolerant- up to 15 ppt
Has dark-colored flesh (market resistance).
15
Q
Blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus)
A
Is more cold tolerant than other tilapia with a low-end value in the 40’s rather than the 50’s
Largest known example was about 1.5 ft in length.
Reach sexual maturity at about 4 inches.
A mouthbrooding species (both eggs and fry).
Saline tolerant up to 20 ppt
16
Q
Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)
A
Largest has been about 16 inches in length
Perhaps more adaptable with its diet- including fry.
Very saline tolerant- up to 35 ppt.
A mouthbrooding species (both eggs and fry).
Sexual maturity earlier than Blue and Nile species, ~ 2-3 months
17
Q
Wami Tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis)
A
Largest has been about 9.5 inches in length.
Does not grow as fast as others
18
Q
Reproduction (Tilapia)
A
Male makes a ‘nest’ (depression in ground), the female arrives and deposits eggs, male fertilizes, female collects eggs in mouth to incubate, female leaves and a new female arrives to the male’s nest to get her eggs fertilized.
7 days until swimming out of mouth, 10 days until she won’t let them back in.
19
Q
Tilapia (Genetics)
A
44 chromosome pairs, 21 autosomes
20
Q
ZW system-
A
ZW Female
ZZ male
21
Q
XY system -
A
XX (female)
XY (Male)
22
Q
XY System (TYPES)
A
The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
The Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)
23
Q
ZW System (TYPES)
A
The Blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus)
The Wami Tilapia (Oreochromis Urolepis)
24
Q
Hybridization
A
Commercially grown tilapia are almost always a hybrid between any of the four species mentioned previously, either with each other, or with hybrids.
25
Viable tilapia culture requires all Males (or at least >95% male).
Male tilapia grow faster
If females present:
energy lost to breeding
results in small fish (especially females)
Ponds become overcrowded with offspring of small and varying sizes.
26
Hapas (grow-out)
Used mostly for Breeding and nursery
27
Columnaris
Caused by a bacterium named Flavobacterium columnare
28
Streptococcosis
Caused by a bacterium named Streptococcus agalactiae, and less lethal S. iniae.
Associated with larger fish and stress, but can also occur in apparently healthy fish.
29
Crassostrea virginica (Eastern oyster)
Found on East Coast and the Gulf of Mexico.
30
Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster)
Found on pacific coast.
Some have a ‘fluted’/ruffled shell
Grows larger than C. virginica.
Tastes different than C. virginica (so they say!)
31
Adult Oysters
Pump large volumes of water (several gallons/hour).
Consume microalgae and zooplankton.
Produce pseudofeces.
Top/left and bottom/right shell.
Shell has straight and curved sides.
Pump from curved to straight.
32
Larval Growth
Stages
fertilized egg,
trochophore,
swimming straight-hinge (‘D’) veliger,
swimming late veliger,
Crawling ‘eyed’ pediveliger
has byssal thread for initial attachment
Spat (settled larvae)
33
Feeding:
Velum-mouth-stomach-intestine-anus
34
Larvae production
Reproduce by ‘broadcast spawning’.
35
Hatchery method: Spawning
Stress.
Induced with gametes.
Don’t kill oyster.
Not always successful.
Uncontrolled mixing of gametes.
36
Hatchery method: Stripping
Kill oyster.
Control mixing of gametes.
High success rate.
37
Cultchless seed:
‘Cultchless’ oysters are young oysters that do not, or appear not, to adhere to substrate. They can be produced by:
38
Eyed larvae
: for your remote setting operations. On average set rate of our eyed larvae is around 18% but typical results range form 10-25%.
39
Oyster seed
1mm and 2mm grade.
40
Nursery
Up/Down-weller
Down-weller used in hatchery to set eyed larvae on micro-cultch.
Up-weller used in nursery to grow spat to size suitable for grow-out.
Principle:
To pass water past cultch or spat
41
Up-weller
Water added to tank by pipe in back of tank
flows past screen and spat at bottom of each silo
exits through pipe at top of each silo
Exits into center troth and drained out of system
42
Down-weller
Container with screen on bottom
Micro-cultch placed on top of screen.
Eyed-larvae placed in container to set on cultch.
Water added at top of container flows past cultch and drained out with out loosing larvae.
43
Grow-out (OYSTERS)
Differs with location
Bottom (free or caged)
Suspension
Hybrid
Differs with location
44
Pseudofeces
not true feces that has passed through the oyster’s gut, but solid waste that the oyster filters from the water and wraps up as a thin solid ribbon.
45
Trochophore
free swimming larval stage of the oyster- you should be able to recognize what it looks like. This stage comes before the oyster looks like a small letter D
46
Veliger
Larger larval stage with two shells that resembles and adult oyster, but no longer D shaped. You should be able to recognize what it looks like.
47
Pediveliger
Largest free swimming larval stage of the oyster larva that develops a foot that it can crawl around with. In the latest stage, the animal develops a small photosensitive area called the eye spot that helps it stay in dark areas. You should be able to recognize what it looks like.
48
Spat
newly settled oyster larvae that have glued themselves to a substrate.
49
Umbo
The top part of the larval oyster that corresponds to the hinge and is opposite to the side that opens up to allow it to swim.
50
Setting
process of selecting a permanent spot to glue to. The process involves first throwing out ‘thread’ that resembles a fine spider’s web. This catches on surfaces that the oyster is swimming by. The oyster then pulls itself onto the surface and starts to crawl around till it finds a place away from light that it likes for gluing itself permanently to.
51
Cultch
the material that an oyster glues itself to
52
Stripping
Artificial insemination
53
Recirculating systems
raise large quantities of fish in relatively small volumes of water by treating the water to remove toxic waste products and then reusing it
54
Raft hydroponics
uses floating polystyrene sheets and net pots for plant support, can provide sufficient bio-filtration if the plant production area is large enough
55
Nutrient thin flim (NFT)
uses a thin layer of water to bathe roots, but as roots grow thicker, air may not be able to get to the roots
56
Suspended solids
solids may stick to plant roots and create small areas that are anaerobic preventing nutrient uptake which needs oxygen.
57
Want Oxygen
to 80% saturation (6-7mg/L oxygen, atmospheric O2 is 21%)
58
Decomposition promotes
release of inorganic nutrients into the water (mineralization) that plants can use. Decomposition microbes compete with pathogens and keep the system healthier.
59
seven micronutrients
Include chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), boron (B), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo).
60
Biofilter needs
high surface area for nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomas and Nitrobacter) film
61
NFT-nutrient film technique
Aquaponics culture system in which plant roots are bathed in solution that brings nutrients to the plant.
62
Raft culture
Type of floating culture in which plants are floated on the surface of a container. The floating material is usually sheets of polystyrene or other floating material. Using these sheets keeps the plants suspended at the surface and also reduces evaporation water loss.
63
DO- dissolved oxyge
Oxygen that is dissolved in water. Saturated dissolved oxygen is about 9 ppm.
64
BOD
biological oxygen demand- the amount of oxygen that all of the organisms living in a body of water needs to stay alive.
65
Mineralization
the process of release of the minerals that are in feed or other materials as they decompose.
66
Flood and drain system
type of aquaponic system that is set up so that an automatic siphon (similar to how a toilet works) is set up that will drain the system when the water gets to a certain height. The system is then allowed to refill again till it drains in an new cycle when the water get to that predetermined height.
67
Processes Where Apoptosis is Important:
Developmental, Immune System, Cellular Quality Control
68
Necrosis
Necrosis is an uncontrolled form of cell death that typically occurs due to acute damage (such as physical injury or lack of oxygen). It leads to cell swelling, membrane rupture, and inflammation, causing damage to surrounding tissues.
69
Necroptosis
Necroptosis is a regulated form of necrosis that shares characteristics with both necrosis and apoptosis.
70
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a programmed, controlled process that avoids inflammation. It involves the activation of signaling pathways that lead to the cell's orderly dismantling and removal without affecting the surrounding cells.
71
Caspases and Their Role in Apoptosis:
Caspases are a family of protease enzymes that play a central role in the execution of apoptosis. They are initially synthesized as inactive pro-caspases and are activated in response to apoptotic signals.
72
Initiator Caspases
(e.g., caspase-8, caspase-9):
These caspases are the first to be activated during apoptosis.
They activate executioner caspases by cleaving and thereby activating them.
Initiator caspases are involved in the early signaling of apoptosis, which can be triggered through the intrinsic (mitochondrial) or extrinsic pathways.
73
Executioner Caspases
(e.g., caspase-3, caspase-7):
These caspases are activated by initiator caspases and are responsible for executing the majority of apoptotic events.
They cleave various cellular substrates, including structural proteins and enzymes, to dismantle the cell.
74
What are some common targets of the executioner caspases?
Lamins, Cytoskeleton Proteins, Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs),Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), focaladhesions,
75
Extrinsic Pathway (Death Receptor Pathway)
Activated by external signals (death ligands binding to death receptors on the cell surface), leading to the activation of initiator caspase-8, which then activates executioner caspases.
76
Intrinsic Pathway (Mitochondrial Pathway)
Triggered by internal stress signals (such as DNA damage), leading to mitochondrial permeabilization and the release of cytochrome c, which activates initiator caspase-9 and subsequently executioner caspases.
77
Stem Cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into various types of specialized cells.
78
Differentiated Cells
Differentiated cells are specialized cells that have developed specific structures and functions. These cells have committed to a particular cell fate and can no longer divide into other types of cells.
79
Asymmetric Division
Asymmetric division is a type of cell division in which a single stem cell divides into two daughter cells, but the two cells have different fates. One daughter cell retains the characteristics of the parent stem cell (self-renewal), while the other becomes a differentiated cell.
80
Independent Choice
Independent choice refers to the idea that differentiated cells make their own decision about whether to continue differentiating or return to a stem cell-like state (e.g., induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs). It is a process in which cell fate is influenced by external signals or intrinsic factors, and the cell "chooses" its path.
81
What are two inheritable characteristics of cancer cells?
Uncontrolled Cell Proliferation:
Invasion and Metastasis:
82
What is a tumor (or neoplasm)?
A tumor (or neoplasm) is an abnormal growth of tissue that results from uncontrolled cell division.
83
What’s the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?
Benign tumors are non-cancerous growths that are typically localized, do not invade other tissues, and usually don’t pose a major threat to health, though they can cause issues if they compress nearby structures.
Malignant tumors are cancerous and have the ability to invade surrounding tissues and spread to other part
84
What is metastases? How does it happen?
Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread from their original (primary) site to other parts of the body, forming secondary tumors. This ability to spread is a hallmark of malignant tumors and makes them more dangerous than benign tumors.
85
How is a primary tumor formed?
A primary tumor is formed when a group of cells undergoes abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, resulting in the growth of a mass or lump in a specific tissue or organ.
86
What are somatic mutations and how do they relate to cancer cells?
Somatic mutations are genetic changes that occur in non-reproductive (somatic) cells, which include most of the body's cells (such as skin, lung, liver, etc.). These mutations are not passed on to offspring because they occur in cells that do not contribute to the formation of gametes (sperm and eggs).
87
Why are individuals with defects in DNA repair mechanisms more susceptible to cancer?
Individuals with defects in DNA repair mechanisms are more susceptible to cancer because DNA repair is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the genome.
88
Is the generation of cancer a one-step or a multi-step process?
The generation of cancer is a multi-step process. It typically involves a series of genetic and epigenetic changes that accumulate over time, gradually transforming a normal cell into a cancerous one.
89
Why is there a higher incidence of cancer in elderly individuals?
The higher incidence of cancer in elderly individuals is primarily due to the accumulation of genetic mutations over time and the decline in cellular repair mechanisms as we age. Cancer develops as a result of genetic mutations that disrupt normal cell growth, division, and death processes.
90
Epithelial Cells
Carcinoma
91
Connective or Muscle Cells
Sarcoma
92
White Blood Cells
Leukemia
93
