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Biochemsitry > Test #3 > Flashcards

Test #3 Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

What is a lipid?

A

A heterogenous class of naturally occurring organic compounds classified together on the basis of common solubility properties.

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2
Q

What are the properties of lipids?

A

Insoluble in water, soluble in aprotic organic solvents, Amphipathic.

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3
Q

What are the two forms of lipids?

A

Open chain and cyclic forms.

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4
Q

What lipids are open chain lipids?

A

fatty acids, triacylglycerols, sphingolipids, phosphoacylglycerols, glycolipids, lipid-soluble vitamins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes
Basically everything that’s not a steroid or bile acid

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5
Q

What are the cyclic form lipids?

A

Cholesterol, steroid hormones, and bile acids

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6
Q

In fatty acids, which isomer predominates?

A

The cis isomer, trans isomers are rare.

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7
Q

Are unsaturated fatty acids have a higher or lower melting point then their saturated counterparts?

A

Lower melting point, which coincided with the degree of unsaturatedness.

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8
Q

What are TAGs?

A

Esters or Glycerol and Three fatty acids

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9
Q

What are Tags used to make?

A

Soap

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10
Q

What are PAGs?

A

Esters or glycerol and two fatty acids and phosphoric acid (or phosphoester)

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11
Q

PAGs are the __________ most abundance group of naturally occurring lipids and are found in __________________

A

Second, Animal and plant membranes.

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12
Q

What is a wax?

A

A mixture of esters of long-chain carboxylic acids and alcohols.

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13
Q

Where can waxes be found?

A

In the protective coating of plants/animals

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14
Q

What make up Sphingolipids?

A

Sphingosine (long chain amino alcohol)

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15
Q

Where can sphingolipids be found? What are they similar in structure to?

A

Plants and animals and abundantly in the nervous system. Structured similarly to phospholipids.

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16
Q

What is a glycolipid?

A

A attached carbohydrate to a lipid (glucose or galactose)

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17
Q

If there are 3 or more sugars linked, what’s its name?

A

Ganglioside

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18
Q

What is steroid?

A

Group of lipids that have fused ring structure of 3 six membered and 1 five membered ring.

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19
Q

What are the 4 things needed for a membrane structure?

A

Polar head group, nonpolar tail, hydrophobic interaction, and fluid or ridged tails depending on saturation.

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20
Q

Explain what happens to the melting point if a lipid is more unsaturated

A

More unsaturated = More fluid = Less interaction b/t molecules=lower IM forces = Less energy to break bonds=lower heat=lower melting point.

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21
Q

What does fluid mean in the fluid-mosaic model?

A

There is a lateral motion of components in the membrane.

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22
Q

What is an example of fluid in a membrane?

A

Proteins floating in the membrane, moving along it’s plane

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23
Q

What is the mosaic in the fluid-mosaic model?

A

Components in the membrane exist side by side as separate entities.

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24
Q

What is an example of mosaic in a membrane?

A

Each proteins, glycolipids, and steroids are contained in there own structures, not forming complexes.

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25
What are the two major protein types?
Peripheral and integral
26
What do peripheral and integral proteins do?
Transport substances across the membrane, act as receptor sites, and sites of enzyme catalysis.
27
Where is a peripheral protein and how's it removed?
Outside the membrane and bound by electrostatics, removed via raising ionic strenght
28
Where is a integral protein and how's it removed?
Interior of membrane and bound tightly. Removed by detergents/ultrasonication = denaturing.
29
Can proteins be anchored in the membrane?
Yeah buddy
30
What is the key hallmark of passive transport? What are a couple examples?
Does NOT require external energy, simple and facilitated diffusion.
31
What is the key hallmark of active transport?
Requires external energy.
32
What is a primary active transport?
Transport is linked to the hydrolysis of ATP or other high-energy molecules. (Sodium potassium pumps)
33
What is secondary active transport?
Driven by hydrogen ion gradient.
34
What is the function of membrane receptors? What are they typically?
Binding of active site= initiation of action within the cell (cell signaling). Oligomeric protein (quatanary)
35
What is a prostaglandin? Where's it found? What is its metabolic precursor?
A family of compound with a 20-carbon skeleton. Prostate. Arachidonic acid.
36
What is a leukotrienes? Where's it found? What does it consist of?
Compound derived from arachidonic acid, found in white blood cells, consists of 3 conjugated double bonds.
37
What is the important property of leukotrienes?
Constriction of smooth muscles, especially in the lungs. Inhibitors help prevent allergies/asthma attacks.
38
What are the 4 levels of structure in a nucleic acids?
1, 2, 3, and 4 prime
39
What does 1 prime indicate?
The order of bases on the polynucleotide sequence, the other of base specifies the genetic code.
40
What does 2 prime indicate?
The ordered conformation of the polynucleotide backbone.
41
What does 3 prime indicate?
Supercoiling
42
What does 4 prime indicate?
Interaction between DNA and proteins
43
What is a nucleic acid?
A biopolymer containing 3 types of monomer units (bases (purine/pyrimidine), a monosaccharide (d-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose), and phosphoric acid.
44
What are the two forms of nucleic acid?
RNA and DNA.
45
What is a nucloside?
A compound that consists of a D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose covalently bonded to a nucleobase by a b-N-glycosidic bond.
46
What is a nuclotide?
A nucleoside with a phosphoric acid that's esterified with an OH monosaccaride (either 3' or 5'
47
What does polymerization of nucleotides give us?
Nucleic acid.
48
What is DNA?
A biopolymer that consists of a backbone of alternating units of 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphate.
49
How is DNA linked? How is it read?
3 prime to 5 prime. 5 prime to 3 prime.
50
In the primary structure of DNA, how is it read and what are the single letter notations?
Read from 5 prime to 3 prime, single letter notations (A, G, C, U, and T)
51
In secondary structure, what is found that is a great hallmark of DNA
DNA Double helix
52
What is the DNA double helix
Two antiparallel polynucleotide strands are coiled in a right-handed manner about the same axis.
53
What is base pairing?
Hydrogen bonding between T-A and G-C.
54
How many H bonds does T-A and G-C have respectively?
2 and 3
55
How many forms of DNA are there? What are their names?
B, A, and Z DNA.
56
What are the important characteristics of B-DNA
Physiological DNA, Right handed, diameter 11a, and 10 BP per turn.
57
What are the important characteristics of A-DNA
A right handed, thicker double helix. 11 BP per turn, with never being found in vivo.
58
What are the important characteristics of Z-DNA
Left handed double helix, possibly playing a role in gene expression.
59
What is the purpose of base stacking?
Bases are hydrophobic and interact by hydrophobic IXN, thus stacking minimalizes contact with water to maximize hydrophobic environment
60
What are the important features of tertiary structure?
Three-dimensional arrangement, typically done in circular DNA and supercoiling.
61
What is circular DNA?
Type of double stranded DNA in which the 5' and 3' are conjoined by a phosphodiester bond.
62
What is supercoiling?
Further coiling and twisting of DNA helix.
63
What are topoisomerases? How many are there?
Have important role in DNA replication, 3 (Class 1, 2, and DNA gyrase)
64
What is the difference in class 1 and class 2 toposionmerases?
Class one cuts the phosphodiester backbone of one strand, pass the end through, and reseals, while class 2 cuts both strands, pass some of the DNA helix between the cut strands, and reseal.
65
What is a DNA gyrase?
A bacterial topisomerase.
66
What do the beads indicate in the diagram?
Nucleosomes, consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone core.
67
What is a histone? What types are there of histone?
A protein rich in basic amino acids Lys and Arg, existing as H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4
68
What is chromatin?
DNA molecules wound around particles of histone in a beadlike structure.
69
What does denaturing do?
Disrupt the 2 prime structure.
70
What is the most common way to denature something? What are some results of this?
Heat denaturing. This causes the strands to separating, increasing absorbance at 260 nm
71
What does the increase of absorbance at 260 nm called?
Hyperchromicity.
72
Why is the Tm higher when the %G-C is higher?
Since G-C have 3 hydrogen bonds, it takes more energy to break their bonds, thus a higher temp is needed to break the bonds.
73
What are the two ways in which you can renature something?
Slow cooling and annealing.
74
How is RNA different from DNA?
The pentose unit is beta-d-ribose, pyrimidine bases are uracil and cytosine, and RNA is single stranded.
75
How is the order of reading DNA done?
Coding strand -> Template strand -> mRNA -> Codons
76
What is the arrangement of each of the strands?
Coding: 5' to 3' Template: 3' to 5' MRNA: 5' to 3"
77
What is a monosaccharide
A carb that cannot be hydrolyzed to a smaller carbohydrate.
78
What is the general formula for a carbohydrate?
CnH2nOn
79
What is an aldose?
A monosaccharide containing a aldehyde
80
What is a Ketose?
A monosaccharide containing a ketone group.
81
How are monosaccharides categorized?
Trioses (3 carbon sugar), pentose, hexose, septose etc.
82
What is an enantiomer?
A non-superimposable mirror image (ie left/right hand)
83
What is a diastereomer?
Non-mirror image isomers.
84
How are acetals, hemiacetals, ketals, and hemiketals made?
The addition of an alcohol (ROH)
85
What does Hemi mean?
Half OH and half OR
86
Acetal or Ketal denotes what?
OR x 2
87
What carbon will the carbonyl carbon be on for aldose and ketose
Aldose = C1 Ketose = C2
88
What does D and L indicate
Right or left for the OH on the penultimate carbon.
89
What does beta and alpha denote in a haworth projecion?
Beta is up, alpha is down.
90
Why is sucrose a non-reducing sugar?
The anomeric carbons between the two monosaccharides are linked via a glycosidic linkage, with not free OH.
91
Is lactose and maltose reducing sugars?
Yes.
92
What are the 4 changes that a monosaccharide undergoes?
Reduction, Oxidation, esterification, and glycoside formation.
93
The reduction of monosaccharides does so by which mechanism.
H2 + Transition metals, converting H-C=O to CH2OH
94
The oxidation of monosaccharides does so by which mechanism.
HNO3, H20 and heat to convert CH2OH to HO-C=O
95
The esterification of monosaccharides does so by which mechanism.
With phosphoric acids intermediates
96
The glycosylation of monosaccharides does so by which mechanism.
Occurs with the OH of the anomeric carbon glycosylating, producing water and joining to the monosaccharides.
97
What is sucrose made of?
One unit of D-glucose and one unit of D-Fructose.
98
What is lactose made of?
One D-galactose and one D-glucose
99
What is maltose made of?
Two units of D-Glucose.
100
What are polysaccharides
linking monomeric sugars through glycosidic linkages.
101
What are some examples of polysaccharides?
Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose and Chitin
102
What are the two types of starch polymers?
Amylose and Amylopectin
103
What is the difference in amylose and amylopectin?
Unbranched vs highly branched
104
What is cellulose's structure and what it is the major component in?
Linear polymer with a major structural component of plants/wood and plant fibers.
105
What is chitin composed of and what does it make up?
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine (NAG) and is the major structural component in the exoskeleton in invertebrates.
106
Where is NAG found? Where is NAM found?
NAG = Chitin and Prokaryotic cell wall NAM = Prokaryotic cell walls.
107
What are the 3 other classes of sugars?
Phosphate sugars, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins.

Biochemsitry (6 decks)

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