Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What three types of particles are atoms made of?
A
protons, neutrons, electrons
2
Q
what particles orbit the nucleus
A
electrons
3
Q
what is the mass of a proton
A
1amu
4
Q
what is the mass of a nuetron
A
1 amu
5
Q
what is the mass of an electron
A
none
6
Q
how is an element defined
A
by the # of protons in nucleus (atomic #)
7
Q
what is atomic mass
A
of protons + # of neutrons
8
Q
standard element has equal numbers of what, what and what
A
electrons, neutrons, and protons
9
Q
what is an isotope
A
form of an element that has a diff # of neutrons, (same atomic #, different atomic mass)
10
Q
what is an ion
A
form of an element that has gained/ lost electrons
11
Q
what are compounds
A
2 or more elements bonded together
12
Q
what are minerals
A
elements and compounds that are basic building block of earth materials
13
Q
what are the criteria to be considered a mineral
A
SINCE Solid Inorganic Naturally Occurring Crystalline structure Express as chemical formula
14
Q
what are mineral groups grouped by
A
grouped by common anions (end of formula)
15
Q
what do silicates contain
A
silica tetrahedron (3 sided pyramid)
16
Q
name the 5 different types of structures a silicate can have
A
single tetrahedra, single chain, double chain, sheet, 3D framework
17
Q
what do carbonates contain
A
contain carbonate anion
18
Q
what do oxides contain
A
oxygen anion
19
Q
what do sulfides contain
A
sulfur anion
20
Q
what do halides contain
A
anything bonded to chlorine, fluorine, or bromine anion
21
Q
what are native elements
A
they are composed of just one type of element
22
Q
what are the 7 mineral properties
A
habit, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture
23
Q
what is habit?
A
crystal formation, shape that a crystal grows in
24
Q
what is luster
A
way light interacts with surface of material (metallic or nonmetallic)
25
color is a ______ property
nondiagnostic
26
what is streak
color of a mineral in powdered form
27
what is hardness
resistance of a mineral to abrasion
28
what scale do we use to measure hardness
mohs hardness scale
29
what is cleavage
tendency of minerals to break along planes of structural weakness
30
what is fracture
the way a mineral breaks
31
what are rocks
aggregations of one or more minerals or mineral-like substances, solid
32
what is texture
size and arrangement of the rock components
33
what is compostion
what are the mineral and mineral like substances
34
how do igneous rocks form
form from the cooling and crystallization of molten rock, composed of interlocking crystals
35
what are two words for molten rock
lava, magma
36
what are the four categories of igneous rocks
felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic
37
what are characteristics of felsic rocks
Si greater than 65%, high amounts of K and Na, tend to be light in color (any shade of red = light)
38
What are characteristics of intermediate rocks
65-55% Si, tend to be gray/black and white speckled
39
what are characteristics of mafic rocks
55-45% Si, high in Fe, Mg, Ca, No quartz, tend to be dark colored (any shade of green= dark)
40
what are characteristics of ultramafic rocks
Si less than 45%, high in Mg, Ca, Fe, no quartz, very dark colored, rare on surface of earth
41
what are the two types of igneous rock textures
intrusive and extrusive
42
what does intrusive igneous rock do
cool and crystallize with in earth from magma, cooling very slow causing crystals to grow larger, crystals can be seen with naked eye or slight magnification
43
what does extrusive igneous rock do
cool and crystallize on the earth's surface from lava, cools very rapidly causing small crystals, need high magnification to see crystals
44
intrusive felsic=
granite
45
intrusive intermediate=
diorite
46
intrusive mafic=
gabbro
47
intrusive ultramafic=
peridotite
48
extrusive felsic=
rhyolite
49
extrusive intermediate
andesite
50
extrusive mafic=
basalt
51
extrusive ultramafic=
komatiite (rare)
52
how do sedimentary rocks form
form at or near the earth's surface from the compaction and cementation of sediment
53
where do we find fossils
in sedimentary rocks
54
what is found in sedimentary rocks
fossils
55
what are clastic sedimentary rocks
pre existing rock/minerals
56
what are the different textures of clastic sedimentary rocks
gravel, sand, silt, clay
57
what are the 2 different types of gravel shapes
breccia, conglomerate
58
what are biochemical sedimentary rocks
precipitated out of water/result of biological processes
59
how are metamorphic rocks formed
formed when pre-existing rocks are subjected to pressure and heat
60
what are the two types of metamorphic rock
foliated and non-foliated
61
what are the three types of foliated metamorphic rock
slatey cleavage, shistosity, gneissic banding
62
what type of texture do non foliated metamorphic rocks have
crystalline
63
rock cycle
look at diagram
64
what is the theory of uniformitarianism
natural processes observed in the modern environment occured @ the same rate/same way in the past
65
how old is earth
4.54 BYO
66
what does MYO mean
millions of years old
67
what are the three different types of dating techniques
relative dating, numerical dating, geologic time scale
68
what does the relative dating technique do
place events in chronological order without assigning numerical ages
69
what are the 5 logical principles associated with relative dating
law of superposition
70
what is the law of superposition
undeformed sequence of surface deposited rock/sediment, the oldest is at the bottom
71
what is the principle of horizontality
surface deposited rock/sediment is laid down in a horizontal orientation
72
what is the principle of cross cutting relationships
geologic units/structures are younger than the units that it cuts across
73
what is the principle of inclusions
rock/mineral fragment contained within a sediment/rock are older than that layer
74
what is unconformity
gaps/missing time in geologic record, time of deposition, time of erosim
75
what is numerical dating (absolute dating)
assign narrow age ranges to event based on a natural clock
76
what is a half life
time period it takes for 1/2 of parent (radioactive) rock to break down to the daughter (stable) rock, constant for given isotope
77
An isotope has the same atom number, but a different _____
atomic mass
78
what are the different divisions of time
eon, era, period, epoch, age
79
what are the two eons
pre cambrian, phanerozoic
80
what are the different eras of the phanerozoic eon
paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic
81
what are the different periods of the mesozoic era
triassic, jurassic, cretaceous
82
what are the layers of the earth
crust, upper mantle (lithosphere, asthenosphere), lower mantle, outer core, inner core
83
what is the theory of plate tectonics
crust and lithosphere of earth is broken in to plates that move relative to one another
84
how many major tectonic plates are there
7, most plates have combo of ocean and continental crust
85
what is a divergent boundary
plates move away from each other
86
what are the effects of a divergent boundary
earthquakes, volcanic activity that is high in volume with gentle liquid, creates new crust, grows/widens and ocean or tears apart a continent
87
what is a convergent boundary
plates move toward one another
88
what are the effects of a convergent boundary
earthquakes, subduction= volcanic activity (low volume, periodic, violent, Continental to continental no volcanic activity), destroy oceanic crust/shorten continental crust, narrow/close and ocean
89
what is a transform boundary
plates sliding past on another
90
what are the effects of a transform boundary
earthquakes, no volcanism, crust conserved
91
What is contained within the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
92
What orbits the nucleus of an atom?
electrons
93
A substance containing one type of atom is an _____
element
94
An element is defined by what?
the number of protons in the nucleus
95
What is the atomic mass of an element?
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons
96
The standard element has what?
An equal number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
97
An isotope has a different number of ____
neutrons in it's nucleus
98
An isotope has the same atom number, but a different _____
atomic mass
99
What is considered a sulfide?
PbS, FeS2
100
An ion changes the _____ of an element
charge
101
When an element gains an electron, it becomes _____ and is then an _____
negatively charged, anion
102
When an element loses and electron, it becomes _____ and is then a _____
positively charged, cation
103
What is the most common element on the earth's surface?
Oxygen
104
What is the second most common element on the earth's surface?
Silica
105
What is the third most common element on the earth's surface?
Aluminum
106
Mineral groups are grouped by what?
Common anions
107
The silicate group contains what?
The silica tetrahedron
108
What are some other properties that can be used to determine minerals?
magnetic, reaction to acid, glow, specific gravity
109
The tetrahedron can share _____ atoms
oxygen
110
The single tetrahedra shares how many oxygens?
None
111
The single chain shares what?
two corners
112
The double chain shares what?
2-3 corners
113
The sheet is what?
A single layer of continuous double chains
114
The 3-dimensional framework shares what?
All oxygens
115
The carbonate group contains the _____ ____
carbonate anion
116
What is considered a carbonate?
calcite
117
What do oxides bond to?
The oxygen anion
118
What is considered an oxide?
H2O, AI2O3
119
What do the sulfides bond to?
The sulfur anion
120
What is considered a sulfide?
PbS, FeS2
121
What do Hallides contain?
chlorine, fluorine, and bromine anions
122
What are considered hallides?
Salts
123
What are considered "native elements?"
Diamond, graphite, gold, silver, copper
124
What are ultramafic rocks high in?
Magnesium, calcium, Iron
125
What are the types of habit that crystals can grow in?
cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, bladed, prismatic, banded, botryoidal
126
What mineral property is considered non-diagnostic?
color
127
Streak is the color of a mineral in what form?
powdered
128
What do we use to determine the hardness of a mineral?
Mohs Hardness scale
129
What are some other properties that can be used to determine minerals?
magnetic, reaction to acid, glow, specific gravity
130
Magma is located where?
inside the earth
131
Lava is located where?
On the surface of the earth
132
Igneous rocks are composed of _______ ______
interlocking crystals
133
What are the 4 composition types of Igneous rocks?
Felsic, Intermediate, Mafic, ultramafic
134
Felsic rocks have high amounts of ____ and ____
Potassium and sodium
135
What kind of color do Felsic rocks have?
light colors
136
Felsic rocks have more than or equal to ____% of silica
65%
137
Intermediate igneous rocks have between ____% and ____% of silica
55-65%
138
Intermediate igneous rocks are high in ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____
Potassium, Sodium, Iron, Magnesium, Calcium
139
Intermediate igneous rocks are what color?
gray or black and white speckled
140
Mafic igneous rocks are between ____% and ____% silica
45-55%
141
Mafic igneous rocks are high in ____, ____, and ____
iron, magnesium, calcium
142
What color are mafic rocks?
dark colors, dark gray to black
143
What type of igneous rock is very rare on the surface of the earth?
Ultramafic
144
Ultramafic rocks have a silica content of less than ____%
45%
145
What are ultramafic rocks high in?
Magnesium, calcium, Iron
146
What are the two types of textures of Igneous rocks?
Intrusive and Extrusive
147
Intrusive igneous rocks have large ____ due to what?
crystals, very slow cooling
148
Crystals within intrusive igneous rocks can be seen with what?
with the naked eye or slight magnification
149
Extrusive igneous rocks form where?
On the earth's surface
150
Extrusive igneous rocks have very ____ crystals due to what?
Small, rapid cooling
151
To see crystals in extrusive igneous rocks, you will need a _____
microscope
152
Granite is what kind of Igneous rock?
Felsic Intrusive
153
Diorite is what kind of Igneous rock?
Intermediate Intrusive
154
Gabbro is what kind of Igneous rock?
Mafic Intrusive
155
Peridotite is what kind of Igneous rock?
Ultramafic intrusive
156
Rhyolite is what kind of Igneous Rock?
Felsic Extrusive
157
Andesite is what kind of Igneous rock?
Intermediate extrusive
158
Basalt is what kind of Igneous rock?
Mafic extrusive
159
Komotiite is what kind of igneous rock?
ultramafic extrusive
160
What type of igneous rock is very rare?
komotiite
161
What is sedimentary rock?
Rock formed at or near the earth's surface from the compaction and cementation of sediment
162
What is a fossil?
any evidence of prehistoric life
163
Where are fossils very common?
in sedimentary rock
164
What is clastic sedimentary rock?
pre-existing rocks/minerals
165
What are the texture types of sedimentary rocks?
gravel, sand, silt, clay
166
What is gravel?
pieces that are bigger than 2 mm
167
What are the two types of gravel?
breccia and conglomerate
168
What is breccia?
angular shaped gravel
169
What is conglomerate?
rounded gravel
170
How big is sand?
.0625-2mm
171
How big is silt?
.004-.0625 mm
172
A mixture of silt and clay is what?
mud
173
How big are particles in clay?
<.004 mm
174
Rock made out of clay is what?
shale
175
Rock made out of silt is what?
siltstone
176
what is biochemical sedimentary rock?
Precipitated out of water or are the result of biological processes.
177
Limestone is formed from what?
Calcite
178
Dolostone is formed from what?
dolomite
179
Gyprock is formed from what?
gypsum
180
Rock salt is formed from what?
Halite
181
Chert is formed from _____
quartz
182
Chalk is formed from _____
calcite
183
Coal is formed from _____
hydrocarbon remains of terrestrial land plants
184
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
When pre-existing rocks are subjected to pressure and heat
185
Pressure and heat on pre-existing rocks create ___ ______ and ____ ______
New minerals and new textures
186
What is foliation?
When platey and elongated minerals align to reduce their stress during metamorphic formation
187
What is slatey cleavage?
When platy/elongated minerals align, but are too small to see with the naked eye
188
Slate comes from _____
shale
189
What is schistosity?
Platy/elongated minerals are aligned, crystals are large enough to see with the naked eye or slight magnification
190
Schist comes from _____
slate
191
What is Gneissic Banding?
metamorphic rocks with clearly visible crystals
192
In Gneissic banding, how are crystals ordered?
Into banded layers
193
Non-foliated metamorphic rocks have a ______ texture
crystalline
194
When limestone is subjected to heat and pressure, what does it form?
marble
195
When sandstone is subjected to heat and pressure, what does it form?
quartzite
196
When basalt is subjected to heat and pressure, what does it form?
Serpentinite
197
What are the steps of the rock cycle?
1) Magma compacts and crystalizes, turning into igneous rock
2) Igneous rock is weathered, transported and deposited, turning into sediment
3) Sediment is compacted and cemented, turning into sedimentary rock
4) Sedimentary rock is subjected to heat and pressure, turning into metamorphic rock
5) Metamorphic rock melts, turning into magma
198
What is metamorphism?
Heat and pressure
199
What is a fault?
Fracture/crack in rock where movement has occured
200
What is an earthquake?
The release of energy when a fault ruptures and moves
201
What is the focus?
The actual location on the fault, where a rupture/movement occurs
202
The focus is usually found where?
inside the earth
203
What is the epicenter?
The location on the earth's surface directly above the focus
204
What is a seismic wave?
How energy from a quake is transmitted through earth materials.
205
What are the two categories of seismic waves?
Body waves and surface waves
206
Body waves travel where?
through the earth's interior
207
There are two types of body waves. What are they?
P-waves and S-waves
208
P-waves travel at ____ km/s, and move by ________.
6 km/s, compression
209
In p-waves, particle motion is ______ to the wave's direction or motion.
parallel
210
P-waves can move through what substances?
solid, liquid, and gas
211
S-waves move at _____ km/s and move by ______
3-3.5 km/s, shear
212
In S-waves, particle motion is ______ to wave direction
perpendicular
213
S-waves can only move through ______
solids
214
Surface waves travel where?
along the surface of the earth
215
What type of waves are what you feel and what causes damage?
surface waves
216
Surface waves travel at ____ km/s.
2.5
217
There are 2 types of surface waves: _____ and _____
Raleigh Wave and Love Wave
218
Raleigh waves move in a _____ motion
rolling
219
Raleigh waves are oriented _____ to the surface
perpendicular
220
In a raleigh wave, particles in waves travel a ____ path
circular
221
Love waves move in a _____ motion orientated ______ to the surface
rolling, parallel
222
In a love wave, particles move in a _____ path
circular
223
Seismic waves are measured using a _____
seismograph
224
What is magnitude?
The amount of energy released by an earthquake
225
What does the Richter Scale measure?
magnitude
226
How does the Richter Scale work?
Measures the height of the largest wave on a seismogram
227
Why is the Richter scale no longer in use?
It underestimates the size of large earthquakes
228
What does "logrithmic" mean?
Every step on the scale is a 10x increase from the previous step
229
What scale is in use to measure magnitude today?
The Moment Magnitude Scale
230
What is the moment magnitude scale based on?
strength of rock, length of rupture, depth of focus
231
For earthquakes that are less than 5, the moment magnitude = _______
Richter scale
232
A magnitude of <____ cannot be felt
3
233
Intensity is what?
The destructiveness of an earthquake
234
What is intensity measured using?
A modified mercalli scale
235
What is a modified mercalli scale based on?
damage to human structures and eyewitness accounts of ground movement
236
The modified mercalli scale uses what kind of numbering?
1-12 Roman numerals
