Test 3

Question 1

What are the parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 1

sugar, phosphate, Nitrogen base (A,T,C,G)

Question 2

Which pair of bases has 2 hydrogen bonds?

Answer 2

Adenine, Thymine

Question 3

Which pair of bases has 3 hydrogen bonds?

Answer 3

Guanine, Cytosine

Question 4

How are the strands of DNA made up?

Answer 4

They have: a chain of deoxyribose and phosphates, with bases attached to the deoxyribose

Question 5

Between what two bases does bonding occur?

Answer 5

A hydrogen bond occurs between two bases

Question 6

What is a complementary DNA strand?

Answer 6

The strand that directs the “complement” strand to synthesize a series of complement bases

Question 7

What is the duplication of DNA?

Answer 7

1. make a copy of the DNA
2. chromosomes are now double-stranded
3. This occurs in the S phase of Interphase
4. Copy of DNA can now be passed on to new cells as single stranded chromosomes!

Question 8

What is the process of DNA replication?

Answer 8

1. H bonds between bases unzips
2. This forms 2 single strands, and each strand serves as a template
3. Forms 2 new complementary strands exactly like the beginning

Question 9

How is DNA semi-conservative?

Answer 9

DNA has 1 parent strand and 1 daughter strand (one original and one new)

Question 10

What is the chemistry and make up of RNA?

Answer 10

1. sugar (ribose)
2. Phosphate
3. 4 bases (A,U,G,C)

RNA is single stranded!!

Question 11

What are the three kinds of RNA?

Answer 11

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

Question 12

What is mRNA?

Answer 12

(messenger RNA)
long chain of bases which carries messages from DNA
They are read 3 base pairs at a time (codon)

Question 13

What is rRNA?

Answer 13

(ribosomal RNA)
Combines with protein to form ribosomes
It makes two subunits (one larger and one smaller) to form structural protein

Question 14

What is tRNA?

Answer 14

(transfer RNA)
Picks up an amino acid at one end
Has an anticodon at the other end
Then pairs with a codon in mRNA

Question 15

How do RNA and DNA differ?

Answer 15

RNA uses ribose sugar, instead of deoxyribose, which has -H attached to the second ring

DNA is responsible for storing and transferring genetic information, while RNA directly codes for amino acids and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins

Question 16

What are the steps for Transcription (converting DNA)?

Answer 16

1. Starts with DNA in the nucleus because DNA is too big to leave
2. DNA unzips a portion
3. mRNA reads unzipped DNA
4. Uracil in mRNA bonds with Thyamine
5. mRNA unzips and moves into cytoplasm

mRNA takes DNA slightly changes it, and takes it into the cytoplasm

Question 17

What is Translation?

Answer 17

Takes mRNA message and convert into proteins

1. mRNA moves to cytoplasm
2. attached to ribosome (rRNA) in cytoplasm (RNA is the structure where this occurs)
3. mRNA codon determines which amino acid on the tRNA bonds
4. tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon
5. Amino acids from tRNA connect together by peptide bonds and MAKES PROTEIN

Question 18

What are the subunits in a ribosome?

Answer 18

The subunits are Large and Small

Question 19

In ribosomes, what does the Large subunit do?

Answer 19

The Large units contains the active site of the ribosome and creates the new peptide bonds when protein is synthesized

Question 20

In ribosomes, what do Small subunits do?

Answer 20

The small subunit is in charge of information flow during protein synthesis. It reads mRNA and makes sure that each codon is properly paired up with its anticodon in tRNA

Question 21

What is a plasmid?

Answer 21

A small extra piece of DNA that is used to carry DNA into other cells (vectors)

Question 22

How are plasmids used in genetics?

Answer 22

They are where we insert changed DNA, which can change some of the make up of an organism

Question 23

What is bacterial DNA?

Answer 23

Plasmids that have less DNA and fewer genes and lack a nucleus

Question 24

What are restriction enzymes used for?

Answer 24

Used to cut and paste pieces of plasmids or bacterial DNA and look for a certain pattern in ATCG to find where to cut

Question 25

How do restriction enzymes function?

Answer 25

Made from viruses Cut pieces of bacterial DNA insert piece into DNA of another organism

Question 26

What is a PCR machine used for?

Answer 26

Determines DNA sequence

Question 27

How does cloning take place?

Answer 27

Remove DNA from unfertilized egg cell Insert DNA from an adult organism Implant in uterus Results in genetically identical individual

Question 28

How does DNA finger printing work?

Answer 28

Every individual has unique portions of their DNA which can be located and compared to others' DNA

Question 29

DNA hybridization

Answer 29

Taking DNA from 2 individuals and see how well two "unzipped" strands pair up often used for parentage

Question 30

What is the Human Genome Projects

Answer 30

Wants to find and identify and map all of our genes

Question 31

What is Gene Therapy?

Answer 31

Inserting recombined genes in a patient's DNA | Often used for genetic diseases and birth defects

Question 32

What is Genetic Engineering?

Answer 32

Inserting DNA from another organism using plasmids to create a Genetically Modified Organism

Question 33

Bacteria+human insulin gene mice+bacteria soybeans/corn

Answer 33

GMO examples

Question 34

What is the hierarchy of organization

Answer 34

``` Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms ```

Question 35

What is Histology?

Answer 35

The study of tissues (make up organs)

Question 36

What is anatomy?

Answer 36

The study of the structures in our body, which includes organs and organ systems

Question 37

What is Physiology?

Answer 37

The study of how our body functions | ex: what happens in a heart attack

Question 38

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

Answer 38

Connective tissue Muscle Nervous Epithelial

Question 39

Epithlial

Answer 39

``` few layers- outer layer is dead Protection and physical barrier Aids in secretion and absorption Had squamous- blood vessels, heart Has cubodial-kidney tissues ```

Question 40

Connective tissues

Answer 40

(1) Has loose (soft) and (2)dense tissues (3) Adipose tissues store fat (4) Cartilage tissues provide strength

Question 41

What is lose (soft) tissue?

Answer 41

cells spread out in the matrix and has fibers and fibroblasts

Question 42

What is dense (hard) tissue?

Answer 42

cells tightly packed together

Question 43

Nervous tissues

Answer 43

Neurons conducts electrical impulses converts into chemical at synapse found in brain, spinal cord

Question 44

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 44

smooth skeletal cardiac

Question 45

What is smooth muscle tissue?

Answer 45

It contracts and lengthens and is inside blood vessels, stomach and is needle shaped

Question 46

What is skeletal muscle tissue?

Answer 46

It moves skeleton and is striated and attaches to skeleton by tendons

Question 47

What is cardiac muscle tissue?

Answer 47

striated with intercalary disks. Contrations move materials

Question 48

What are the advantages to sexual reproduction

Answer 48

increases genetic diversity creates genetically unique individual greater chance offspring survive in new environment

Question 49

Where is testosterone produced?

Answer 49

Testes. Produces sex hormones

Question 50

Where is estrogen and progesterone produced?

Answer 50

Ovary. Produces eggs and developing females

Question 51

Where does fertilization occur?

Answer 51

Fallopian tubes

Question 52

What is the difference between growth and development?

Answer 52

growth makes more cells by cell division development is how changes occur during a lifetime and is the specialization of tissues, organs and organ systems

Question 53

What are the processes of growth and development?

Answer 53

``` Gamete formation: Meiosis Fertilization Clevage Blastula Gastrulation Organ formation ```

Question 54

What is cleavage?

Answer 54

Its when the cells divide, but it increases the number of cells, not size

Question 55

What is the difference between morula and blastula?

Answer 55

Morula is a solid ball of 16 cells | Blastula is a ball of cells with a hollow center and more than 16 cells

Question 56

What is gastrulation?

Answer 56

It is a gastrula or an early embryo | the cells push inward and results in 3 germ layers that form different tissues and organs