Test 3 Flashcards
(161 cards)
0
Q
Vertebrates
A
Have a backbone
1
Q
Heterotrophic
A
Their food consists of organic molecules made by other organisms
2
Q
Invertebrates
A
Lack a backbone
3
Q
Coelom
A
Invertebrates that lack a true body cavity
4
Q
Asymmetry
A
Animal has no particular symmetry
5
Q
Radial symmetry
A
The animal is organized and two identical halves are obtained no matter how the animal is longitudinally sliced
6
Q
Which of the phyla in the tree have radial symmetry?
A
Radiata
7
Q
Bilateral symmetry
A
The adult animal has a definite right and left half
8
Q
Germ layers
A
Tissue layers
9
Q
Which of the phyla in the tree have only two germ layers?
A
Radiata
10
Q
Ectoderm
A
Outer layer, layer that becomes the skin and nervous system
11
Q
Endoderm
A
Inner layer, layer that becomes the gut
12
Q
Mesoderm
A
Middle layer, becomes the muscles
13
Q
Protostome
A
Pattern of development in which the first opening of the embryo is the mouth
14
Q
Deuterostome
A
Pattern of development in which the second opening of the embryo is the mouth, first is anus
15
Q
Which pattern of development do the flatworms, Rotifers, and roundworms have?
A
Protostome
16
Q
Sponges
A
Live in water, mostly marine, attached to rocks, shells, and other solid objects
17
Q
Sessile
A
Immotile
18
Q
Collar cells
A
Take in suspended food particles from the water and digest them for the benefit of all the other cells in a sponge
19
Q
Osculum
A
Excurrent opening
20
Q
Spicule
A
Skeleton of sponge
21
Q
Amoebocyte
A
Produce spicules
22
Q
Calcareous (chalk) sponges have spicules of what?
A
Calcium carbonate
23
Q
Bath sponges have a skeleton of ___.
A
Spongin
24
Glass sponges have ___ spicules
Glassy
25
How does a sponge protect itself from predators?
Spicules
26
How do sponges acquire and digest food?
Collar cells
27
How do sponges reproduce asexually?
Budding or fragmentation
28
How do sponges reproduce sexually?
Eggs and sperm
29
The mouth of a ___ is directed upward.
Polyp
30
The mouth of a jellyfish, or ___, is directed downward.
Medusa
31
How can radial symmetry benefit an animal?
It can move equally well in any direction, can reach out and grab food from the center, can sense in all directions
32
Gastrovasculer cavity
Has a single opening that is used both as an entrance for food and an exit for wastes
33
How does a hydra acquire and digest food?
Tentacles capture food which is stuffed into gastrovascular cavity where it is digested both externally in the cavity and internally in the cells that like the cavity
34
How does a hydra protect itself from predators?
Nematocysts
35
How does a hydra reproduce asexually?
Budding
36
How does a hydra reproduce sexually?
The body wall can also produce ovaries and testes that produce eggs and sperm
37
Cnidocytes
Stinging cells
38
Nematocyst
Fluid-filled capsule which contains a long, spirally coiled hollow thread
39
Hermaphroditic
Possess both male and female sex organs
40
Why is is advantageous for an animal to be hermaphroditic?
Assurance of a reproductive partner
41
Flame cells
Excretory organs, collect fluids from inside the body and send via a tube to an excretory pore
42
Ladder-like nervous system
Contains a brain and lateral nerve cords connected by transverse nerves
43
Why would you expect an animal that lives in fresh water to have a well-developed excretory system?
Eliminate water and retain salts
44
When a planarian extends the ___, food is sucked up into a gastrovascular cavity that branches throughout the body.
Pharynx
45
What is the advantage of a gastrovascular cavity that ramifies through the body?
A higher surface area for food absorption to occur
46
How do humans get infected with the pig tapeworm?
Humans may eat it in poorly cooked or raw meat
47
Tapeworms
Parasitic worms known as cestodes
48
Scolex
Head, usually with suckers and hooks
49
Proglottids
Segments of the body
50
What is the function of a tapeworms hooks and suckers?
Help them stay attached to the interior of the intestine
51
Ploglottids mature into "bags of eggs." Given the life cycle of the tapeworm, why might a tapeworm produce so many eggs?
Only a few of the millions of fertile eggs ever have any chance of making it to "adulthood"
52
Flukes
Parasitic flatworms known as trematodes
53
Complete digestive tract
Has both a mouth and an anus
54
Pseudocoelom
A body cavity, which allows space for the organs, is incompletely lined with mesoderm
55
How can trichinosis be prevented in humans?
Eat well-cooked meat
56
Filarial worm
Roundworm that infects lymphatic vessels and blocks the flow of lymph
57
The condition is called __ because when a leg is affected, it becomes massively swollen.
Elephantiasis
58
If a cnidarian has both a polyp stage and a medusa stage, what is the life-cycle function of the medusa stage?
Disperses the species
59
Why would you expect an animal with bilateral symmetry to be more active than one with radial symmetry?
They move in a definite direction
60
Name two contrasting anatomical features (other than symmetry) that distinguish a planarian from a hydra.
Planarian - ladder-like nervous system, 3 germ layers
| Hydra - nerve net, 2 germ layers
61
Name a group of animals that is usually hermaphroditic and a group that is usually dioecious.
Hermaphroditic - flatworms
| Dioecious - flukes
62
How does the process of acquiring food in planarians differ from the process in tapeworms?
Planarians - extend pharynx and suck up food
| Tapeworms - attach to a host and suck up food
63
Why would you expect a free-living roundworm to have a nervous system?
They have a muscular body wall, so need a brain and nerves to control the muscles
64
Name two types of parasitic roundworms and one type of roundworm that is free-living.
Parasitic - trichinella and Filarial worm
| Free-living - vinegar eels
65
Chitins
Among molluscs, Chitins are the grazing marine herbivores, which have a body flattened dorsoventrally covered by a shell consisting of eight plates
66
Bivalves
Contain marine and freshwater sessile filter feeders, such as clams and scallops, with a body enclosed by a shell consisting of two valves
67
Gastropods
Contain marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species. In snails, the shell, if present, is coiled
68
Cephalopods
Contain marine active predators, such as squids and nautiluses. Tentacles are about the head
69
All molluscs have a three part body consisting of:
- foot
- visceral mass
- mantle
70
Foot
Specialized for various means of locomotion
71
Visceral mass
Includes the internal organs
72
Mantle
A thin tissue that encloses the visceral mass and may secrete a shell
73
Cephalization
Development of a head region
74
Radula
Belt like organ containing rows of teeth
75
Annelids
Segmented worms
76
Hydrostatic skeleton
The circular and longitudinal muscles work against the fluid-filled coelom to produce changed in width and length
77
Polychaetes
Have many slender bristles called setae
78
Earthworms
Oligochaetes, have fewer setae
79
Leeches
Usually have no setae
80
Clitellum
Enlarged section around a short length of the body of an earthworm
Secretes mucus that holds the worms together during mating
81
Detritus
Organic matter
82
Arthropods
Have paired, jointed appendages and a hard exoskeleton that contain chitin
83
Molt
As soon as they have grown larger, they shed their old exoskeleton and grow a new larger one
84
Insects
Three pairs of legs, with or without wings, and three distinct body regions
85
Millipedes
Two pairs of legs per segment
86
Centipede
One pair of legs per segment
87
Spiders and scorpions
Four pairs of legs, no antennae, and a cephalothorax (head and thorax are fused)
88
Crustaceans
Include crabs, shrimp, and lobsters, have three to five pairs of legs, and two pairs of antennae
89
Barnacles
Use their legs to gather food
90
Hemolymph
Blood plus lymph
91
Malpighian tubules
Save water by secretive a solid nitrogenous waste
92
Tracheae
Tiny tubules that deliver air directly to the muscles
93
Tympana
Grasshoppers detect sound and vibrations with these membranes
94
Metamorphosis
A change, usually a drastic one, in form and shape
95
Nymphs
Immature stages of the grasshopper
96
Incomplete metamorphosis
A gradual change in form
97
Complete metamorphosis
Three stages of development - larvae, pupa, and adult
98
Echinoderms
Only invertebrate group that shares deuterostome development with the vertebrates
99
The Echinoderms most unique feature is what?
Their water vascular system
100
What do Echinoderms use for locomotion?
Tube feet
101
List two advantages of having a coelom.
- more space for complex organs
| - makes a hydrostatic skeleton possible
102
What are the three general characteristics of mollusks?
- muscular foot
- visceral mass
- mantle
103
Give evidence that earthworms are segmented by stating an organ that occurs in most every segment.
Nephridia
104
In general, describe the water vascular system of Echinoderms.
Consists of various canals that transport water to the ampulla. Which contracts and focus water into the tube feet.
105
Advantage of closer circulatory system
Transport faster with it
106
Advantage of respiratory organ
Provides for efficient gas exchange
107
Advantage of jointed appendages
Provides flexible movement
108
Advantage of exoskeleton
Muscle attachment for specialized movement
109
A lancelet isn't a vertebrate. Explain.
Retains the notochord as an adult and has no vertebrate
110
Which groups of vertebrates are fully adapted to life on land?
reptiles, aves, and mammals
111
A pulmonary circuit is seen in vertebrate animals adapted to life on land. Explain
Takes blood to and from the lungs
112
Hydrozoa
Hydra, Portuguese man-of-war
113
Scyphozoa
Jellyfish
114
Anthozoa
Hard corals and soft corals
115
Ctenophora
Comb jelly
116
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
117
Turbellara
Free-living flatworms
118
Trematoda
Flukes
119
Cestoda
Tapeworms
120
Acoelomates
No fluid-filled body cavity
121
Polyplacophora
Chitins
122
Gastropoda
Snails, slugs
123
Bivalvia
Clams
124
Cephalopoda
Octopus, squid
125
Cephalopods have ___ circulatory system.
Closed
126
Loligo
Squid
127
Annelida
Segmented worms
128
Oligochaeta
Earthworms
129
Polychaeta
Sand worms, feather dusters
130
Hirudinea
Leeches
131
Typhlosole
Fold that increases surface of intestine
132
Nematoda
Roundworms
133
Chelocerates
Horseshoe crabs and arachnids
134
Crustaceans
Crabs, lobster, shrimp
135
Chilopods
Centipedes
136
Diplopods
Millipedes
137
Hexapods
Insects
138
Complete metamorphosis
- drastic change
- larvae does not resemble adult
- example is butterfly
139
Incomplete metamorphosis
- gradual change
- larvae resemble adult
- example is grasshopper
140
Decapod
10 legs, 5 pairs of legs
141
Chelipeds
Pincher like claws
142
Crayfish fertilization is ___.
External
143
Crayfish have an ___ circulatory system.
Open
144
Swimmerets
Locomotion
145
Complementary swimmerets
Female holds eggs, male uses to carry sperm
146
Holes in heart called ___.
Ostia ?
147
Astroidea
Sea stars
148
Ophiuroidea
Brittle stars
149
Echinodea
Sea urchins
150
Holothuroidea
Sea cucumber
151
Crinpdea
Sea lillies
152
Urochordata
Tunicates
153
Cephalochordata
Lancelets
154
Agnatha
Jawless fish
155
Gnathostoma
Jaws
156
Chondrichthyes
Sharks, Rays
157
Osteichthyes
Bony fish
158
Amphibia
Amphibians
159
Reptilia
Reptiles & aves
160
Mammalia
Mammals
