Test 3

Question 1

pathogen that’s an ex of antigenic variation

Answer 1

influenza virus

Question 2

application of medical/red biotechnology

Answer 2

microbe is used as host for making recombinant human protein

Question 3

metagenomics

Answer 3

process where DNA is extracted from the whole environmental sample and is used to construct a genomic library; they are identified, screened, and compared to others; mainly analyze 16S rRNA because they are domain specific; it is very energy intensive and we can understand what the community is made of without any culturing

Question 4

difference between fed-batch reactors and chemostats

Answer 4

fed batch: nutrients are added all at the beginning, then it’s all harvested at the end; grow bacteria til it’s in log phase then harvest entire batch (all in all out)
chemostat: medium is continuously added and continuously drained out; continuous harvesting; keeps it at one phase

Question 5

99% organisms or culturable in the lab: T/F?

Answer 5

F

Question 6

PHA/PHB can be produced using photosynthetic organisms, so in order to use photosynthetic organisms to produce PHB, what is absolutely required of the fermenter?

Answer 6

ample amounts of carbon and limiting amounts of other nutrients such as phosphorous

Question 7

if plant can’t get DNA from Agrobacterium, how else can DNA be transplanted into the plant?

Answer 7

gene gun to insert the DNA thru the cell wall (biolistics)

Question 8

niche and role of virus in the ocean

Answer 8

causes viral lysis of phytoplankton releasing nutrients for heterotrophic microbes below the water; they are an essential component of the microbial loop; mainly found in the photic zone where phytoplankton are also found

Question 9

where does chemolithoautotroph in the deep subsurface get their carbon from?

Answer 9

hydrothermal vents which have underwater volcanic activity that releases minerals; they are the communities powered by geothermal energy; also found on hotter acidic springs

Question 10

the dead zone of most eukaryotes result from:

Answer 10

microbes “bloom” and use up the available O2, quickly leading to the anoxic water states, which causes death of higher up eukaryotes

• phytoplankton proliferate and the heterotrophic microbes and zooplankton feed on the phytoplankton
• eutrification

Question 11

in the surface zone/photic zone, primary production is what and thru what?

Answer 11

photosynthesis thru cyanobacteria

Question 12

area of soil immediately surrounding plant roots:

Answer 12

rhizosphere

Question 13

how to use hurdle technology to prevent food spoilage

Answer 13

use multiple levels of antimicrobial control in food as they work synergistically and give better overall protection

ex: milk pasteurization and cold storage
ketchup: high salt and low pH
salads: modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and refrigeration

Question 14

what is true of food fermentation? something about cheese production

Answer 14

• acids that LAB produce coagulate casein proteins found in milk
• the liquid can thicken for yogurt production
• the solids (curds) may separate from the liquid whey and form into large solid masses
• unripened loose cheese: curd is not separated from whey
• brie cheese: curd is cut and allowed to shrink; creamy and soft-ripened
• blue cheese and cheddar cheese: whey is drained, curd is cut and shrunk, ripening process further ferments it; hard ripened and aged

Question 15

what is responsible for holes in swiss cheese?

Answer 15

CO2 production during fermentation from yeast

Question 16

wastewater pre- treatment

Answer 16

physical removal of large objects thru straining

Question 17

wastewater primary treatment

Answer 17

• physical removal of sediments and grease that form primary sludge
• skimmers remove the sludge

Question 18

wastewater 2ndary treatment

Answer 18

uses trickling filter and activated sludge unit to form complex biofilms that break down organic compounds over time; using microbes to clean water

Question 19

wastewater tertiary treatment

Answer 19

not always used

filtration or reverse osmosis is used to increase clarity of water and reduce metal content

Question 20

disinfection in wastewater treatment

Answer 20

• quaternary treatment
• chlorination
• UV light exposure
• ozonation

Question 21

example of emerging disease

Answer 21

ebola

Question 22

morbidity rate

Answer 22

rate of disease in a population

• she changed it though to being described by incidence and prevalence
• incidence: number of new cases appearing in a population during a specific time period; may change with seasons or population immune status
• prevalence: total number of cases in a population at a particular time ; usually higher than incidence

Question 23

mortality rate

Answer 23

rate of death by disease

Question 24

epidemic

Answer 24

incidence of disease rises significantly above the normal expected value

• seasonal
• spatial
• common source
• propagated
  ex: seasonal flu

Question 25

outbreak

Answer 25

unexpected cluster of cases in a short time in a localized population; smaller than epidemic but could develop into an epidemic ex: ebola

Question 26

pandemic

Answer 26

global epidemic | ex: plague, small pox, AIDS, cholera, swine flu

Question 27

lack of death from disease increases ___

Answer 27

prevalence rate

Question 28

what determine the host range

Answer 28

pathogen's ability to attach

Question 29

measles transmitted from mom to 3 month baby

Answer 29

Horizontal transmission

Question 30

Koch's postulate limitations

Answer 30

- asymptomatic carriers | - not all people exhibit the same degree of infection or may not have any degree at all due to receptors

Question 31

Koch's postulates

Answer 31

1. microbe is identified in every person with disease, but not those without illness 2. pure culture of microbe is attained 3. inoculation of microbe in healthy host causes illness 4. microbe is recovered from inoculated host

Question 32

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)

Answer 32

culture independent separates DNA from environmental sample following fragmentation; can show big diff in DNA sequences without identifying each base; gradient is based on charge

Question 33

Direct sequencing

Answer 33

culture independent use PCR to read DNA fractions; use primers and sequence their 16S rRNA to identify cultures; each nucleotide is bound to a diff dye

Question 34

enrichment culture

Answer 34

culture dependent | promotes growth of desired microbes over undesired cells

Question 35

FISH

Answer 35

culture independent | labeled oligonucleotide probes to bind to specific DNA/RNA in a mixed population of cells

Question 36

flow cytometry

Answer 36

culture independent -detection of labeled cells in a mixed population by passing them thru a laser and detecting light emitted and sorted according to their chare

Question 37

metagenomics

Answer 37

culture independent | -DNA from whole environment sample is used to construct genomic library; used to understand what community is made up of

Question 38

winogradsky column

Answer 38

culture dependent; pond water in tube forms gradient from aerobic to anaerobic; different microbes flourish in diff areas of the column that correspond to diff nutritional microenvironments

Question 39

bioaugmentation

Answer 39

adding specific degrading microbe to environment | ex: CP throwing oil eating bacteria into ocean

Question 40

biostimulation

Answer 40

adding missing nutrient to promote microbe growth

Question 41

cometabolism

Answer 41

addition of nutrient that stimulates broad substrate-range degradation pathway

Question 42

chemolithoautotroph

Answer 42

responsible for primary production of organic compound; utilizes chemical and inorganic compounds as their electron and carbon source

Question 43

OTU

Answer 43

organism share 97% of their ssu rRNA gene sequence

Question 44

piezophile

Answer 44

capable of growth in high pressure | ex: deep sea levels

Question 45

xenobiotics

Answer 45

chemical not found in nature and is difficult to degrade

Question 46

how do bacteria get inside plant cell? spinach has been contaminated with E. coli; what can you do to better it?

Answer 46

bacteria can get into plant cells when their cell wall gets injured; thru insect bite; we can reduce them thru irradiation from UV rays, which only penetrates outer surface

Question 47

indirect contact

Answer 47

getting sick by touching a lab coat or any other fomite | measles

Question 48

aerosol

Answer 48

thru air or from someone coughing as bacteria travel from lungs to air common cold

Question 49

zoonotic

Answer 49

rabies; transmitted by animal

Question 50

vertical disease transmission

Answer 50

HIV, toxoplasmosis, chickenpox

Question 51

fecal oral

Answer 51

getting sick by bad hygiene | salmonella

Question 52

how to transfer a plasmid to a specific target cell?

Answer 52

transformation transduction conjugation

Question 53

2ndary metabolite

Answer 53

antibiotic | they are only produced during stationary phase because they aren't necessary for growth of bacteria

Question 54

if you want to keep the shape and taste of a strawberry, what would you do?

Answer 54

irradiate