Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Which one, flexors or extensors, are responsible for weight bearing?
A
Flexors
2
Q
If extensors are damaged, what do the flexors do to the action of the distal limb?
A
They overwhelm it
3
Q
Loss of _______ function produces several abnormalities both posture and gait
A
flexors
4
Q
Lining of the joint capsule that makes synovial fluid?
A
synovial membrane
5
Q
Areas of joint that are free to distend somewhat are _______
A
joint pouches
6
Q
This ligament runs from the prepubic tendon, up over the acetabular ligament, and to the head of the femur
A
accessory ligament of the hip
7
Q
Why does the horse have an accessory ligament of the hip?
A
Helps hold the head of the femur in the acetabulum d/t the weight of the abdominal viscera pulling on the accessory ligament
8
Q
Name the patellar ligaments of the horse
A
- medial
- middle (intermediate)
- lateral
9
Q
Which ligament of the horse is analogous to the patellar ligament of the dog?
A
Middle patellar ligament
10
Q
What forms the locking mechanism for the stifle?
A
medial and middle patellar ligaments, patella, and medial trochlear ridge
11
Q
T/F: The dog has divisions of the articular surfaces of the trochlea and patella like the horse does
A
FALSE.
The dog lacks these divisions
12
Q
Where do the 3 patellar ligaments of the horse insert?
A
Tibial tuberosity
13
Q
T/F: Locking of the equine stifle is an active process
A
true
14
Q
What are the synovial joints in the stifle? (3)
A
- medial femorotibial
- lateral femorotibial
- femoropatellar
15
Q
The cruciate ligaments and menisci are in the ___________ joint space
A
femorotibial
16
Q
What percentage of the time do the femoropatellar and medial femorotibial joints communicate?
A
80%
17
Q
What percentage of the time do the femoropatellar and lateral femorotibial joints communicate?
A
20%
18
Q
T/F: The two femorotibial joints usually don’t communicate with each other
A
True
19
Q
What holds the patella in the trochlear groove of the femur while the joint is moving?
A
femoropatellar ligaments
20
Q
There are several tarsocrural joint pouches. What are they? Which is the biggest compartment?
A
- lateroplantar
- medioplantar
- dorsomedial - biggest
21
Q
The collateral ligaments of the tarsus are actually both _____ and _____ collateral ligaments
A
long and short
22
Q
These are important joint stabilizers when the leg is “in flight”
A
collateral ligaments of the tarsus
23
Q
________ is responsible for the “snap” function of the tarsus
A
medial collateral ligament
24
Q
_________ involves fibrous bands which attach to the distal femur and to the tarsus/metatarsus
A
Reciprocal Apparatus
25
Reciprocal apparatus - Cr. side
peroneus terius
26
reciprocal apparatus -Cd. side
- SDF
| - fibrous band in the gastrocnemius
27
When the stifle flexes, the hock _______
flexes
28
When the stifle extends, the hock _______
extends
29
When the stifle is fixed in position, the hock is
fixed also
30
T/F: The reciprocal apparatus is the same thing as the stay apparatus
FALSE!!
It is a component of the stay apparatus
31
What does the stay apparatus allow the horse to do?
stand with minimal muscular effort required to keep limb joints from collapsing
32
How does the horse lock its patella?
pulling it up and medially
33
How does the horse unlock its patella?
pulling it up and laterally
34
What anatomical structures lock the stifle and hock?
The patella and patellar ligaments lock the stifle
The hock is locked d/t the relation of the reciprocal apparatus
35
If the stifle is locked, the hock is also fixed in _______
extension
36
How can a "locked" patella be fixed?
- backing the horse
- sometimes need to physically push patella off its ridge
- severe case = cut medial patellar ligament
37
If the case of locked patella is severe enough and the patella cannot be unlocked, what can be done? Why is this a last option?
Cut medial patellar ligament
- no longer able to use passive locking mechanism
- causes malignment of patella and other issues
38
Function of the suspensory ligament?
support the fetlock (and digit somewhat)
39
Where is the suspensory ligament located?
palmar/plantar side of metacarpus/metatarsus
40
The suspensory ligament in the horse is entirely a ligamentous structure. Is that the case in dogs?
No, is a muscle in dogs
41
Is the suspensory ligament palpable?
yes, especially distally
42
Where does the suspensory ligament originate?
plantar/ palmar aspect of MTIII or MCIII
43
Where does the suspensory ligament insert?
on each proximal sesamoid bone
44
The suspensory ligament also has ___________ that attach to the extensor tendon
medial and lateral extensor branches
45
What do the distal sesamoidean ligaments do?
anchor proximal sesamoids to the first two phalanges
46
What is a (nearly) pathognomonic sign of suspensory ligament lameness
Post legged confirmation = hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint
47
This artery on the hindlimb of the horse is palpable, can be used to take a pulse, and measure blood pressure under general anesthesia
dorsal metatarsal artery III
48
The sciatic nerve divides into the
- common peroneal
| - tibial
49
The common peroneal divides into the
- superficial branch
| - deep branch
50
The tibial divides into the
- medial plantar
| - lateral plantar
51
T/F: Forelimbs have dorsal nerves
FALSE!!!
| They DO NOT have dorsal nerves
52
X-rays are named for where the beam is ______ to where the beam is ______
COMING ; GOING
53
In a radiograph, ________ at the top is standard orientation
proximal
54
In a dorsal palmar projection, what can be better seen?
Edges will be better detailed - Med. and Lat. edges in this view
55
How is the x-ray beam in DLPM-O?
From: Dorsolateral
To: Palmaromedial
56
How is the x-ray beam in DMPL-O?
From: Dorsomedial
To: Palmarolateral
57
The ________ is sometimes also known as the knee and is comparable to the human wrist
carpus
58
Which carpal bone is an inconsistent finding in most horses?
Carpal bone 1
59
This is the biggest bone in the carpus
radial carpal bone
60
Way to ID a DMPLO shot
2nd carpal bone sits on 2nd metacarpal bone
61
Way to ID a DLPMO shot
4th carpal bone sits on 3rd and 4th metacarpal bones
62
The phrase "I goes high" is hepful for what radiograph shot and why?
Shot: Flexed Lateral
Why: Intermediate carpal bone will be higher than the radial carpal bone
63
In what view does the 3rd carpal bone look like a grand piano?
Skyline view
64
This joint is also known as the hock and is comparable with the human ankle
tarsus
65
T/F: Distal tarsal bones fuse with age
True
66
How many joints are there in the equine tarsus?
five
67
Name the joints of the equine tarsus
- tarsocrural
- proximal intertarsal
- talocalcaneal
- distal intertarsal
- tarsometatarsal
68
The lateral tarsus radiograph provides a great shot of what structure in particular?
Calcaneus
69
A DMPLO of the Tarsus has two distinct features. What are they?
- hook on lateral trochlear ridge
| - one of the very few views of the sustentaculum tali
70
__________ glides over the tuber calcaneus
Deep digital flexor
71
You are looking at a MCIII DP view radiograph and see the fracture has entered the nutrient foramen. Are you concerned?
Possibly.
If the blood supply is damaged, healing won't go as you think it will
If the blood supply is still intact, fantastic!
72
__________ is one of the very few things in the body that can heal to 100%
Bone
73
Which proximal sesamoid bone is slightly taller and narrower?
Lateral proximal sesamoid bone
| I'm calling it Larry
74
Which proximal sesamoid bone is more robust and rounder?
Medial proximal sesamoid bone
| I'm calling it Merryweather
75
Does the olecrannon sit more medially or laterally in the elbow
laterally
76
T/F: The scapula of the horse has an acromion
FALSE!!
77
T/F: There is no connection between the olecrannon fossa and the radial fossa in the horse
True
78
T/F: The horse lacks supratrochlear and supracondyler foramen
True
79
The proximal end of the humerus in the horse has greater, lesser, and ________ tubercles.
Intermediate
80
On either side of the intermediate tubercle of the humerus there are grooves called __________
bicipital grooves
81
T/F: In the horse, the ulna is partially fused with the radius
True
82
T/F: There are fused carpal bones in the horse
FALSE!!!!
NO fused carpal bones in the horse
83
The vast majority of horses lack what carpal bone
Carpal bone 1
84
What can be found in the carpal canal? (5)
- flexor carpi radialis tendon
- SDF and DDF tendon = common synovial sheath
- radial artery
- medial and lateral palmar artery
- medial and lateral palmar nerves
85
What forms the carpal canal?
Superficially formed by flexor retinaculum = superficial and deep layers
Deeply formed by palmar carpal lig
86
This bone is also known as the cannon bone (forelimb)
MCIII
87
These bones are also known as the splint bones (forelimb)
MCII and MCIV
88
T/F: The horse has dorsal sesamoid bones
FALSE
89
The _________ is another name for the distal sesamoid bone
navicular bone
90
On the palmar aspect of the hoof, what separates the flexor surface and the solar surface?
semilunar line
91
Origin and insertion of the Infraspinatus?
O: Infraspinous fossa
I: greater tubercle of the humerus
92
Action of the infraspinatus?
acts as a lateral collateral lig. of shoulder joint
93
T/F: There are collateral ligaments for the shoulder joint
FALSE!!!!
There are muscles that act as collateral ligaments
94
Extensors of the Shoulder? (3)
Supraspinatus
Biceps Brachii
Brachiocepahlicus
95
Flexors of the Shoulder? (7)
```
Infraspinatus
Deltoideus
Teres minor
Teres major
Subscapularis
Coracobrachialis
Long head of the triceps brachii
```
96
O and I of Subscapularis
O: Subscapular fossa
I: Lesser tubercle
97
Function of the subscapularis?
acts as medial collateral lig. of shoulder joint
98
What muscles act as collateral ligaments of the shoulder joint?
subscapularis and infraspinatus
99
Bursa of the subscapularis?
between the tendon and the lesser tubercle (at the insertion)
100
Bursa of the infraspinatus?
between the tendon and the greater tubercle
101
Does the teres major have a bursa?
No
102
O and I of the teres major?
O: caudal angle of the scapula
I: teres major tuberosity (w/ the latissimus dorsi)
103
In relation to the teres major, the axillary nerve runs ___________ and the radial nerve runs __________
proximal; distal
104
How many heads are there for the triceps brachii in the horse?
3
105
Which head of the triceps exists in dogs, but not in the horse?
accessory head
106
Extensors of the elbow (3)
```
Triceps brachii
-long head
-lateral head
-medial head
Tensor fascia antebrachii
Anconeus
```
107
What is the main extensor of the elbow in the horse?
Triceps brachii
108
Insertion of the heads of the triceps brachii?
Olecranon
109
O of the long head of the triceps?
caudal border of the scapula
110
O of the lateral head of the triceps?
deltoid tuberosity and tricipital line
111
O of the medial head of the triceps?
caudal distal to the teres major tuberosity
112
Which head of the triceps has a bursa and where is it?
Long head; under tendon of insertion
113
Flexors of the elbow? (2)
Brachialis
| Biceps brachii
114
What lies on the caudal aspect of the brachialis muscle?
radial nerve
115
O and I of the biceps brachii?
O: supraglenoid tubercle
I: radial tuberosity
116
Actions of the biceps brachii? (3)
- flexes the elbow
- extends the shoulder joint
- stabilizes the shoulder, elbow, and carpus during standing
117
T/F: The bicipital bursa communicates with the cavity of the shoulder joint
FALSE!!!!
Does not communicate!
118
T/F: The principal artery to the rear digit is the cranial tibial artery
True
119
Chestnuts in the rear limb are located:
on the medial side of the limb distal to the tarsus
120
Nerve paralysis for this nerve can result in inability to extend the hock or flex the digits, and reduced sensation over the plantar surface of the foot
Tibial nerve
121
Which of the following muscles is a flexor of the hip?
- Iliopsoas
- Quadratus femoris
- biceps femoris
- gracilis
- middle gluteal
Iliopsoas
122
Which of the following structures of the femur is not palpable?
- medial trochlear ridge
- greater trochanter
- lateral epicondyle
- third trochanter
- lesser trochanter
lesser trochanter
123
The accessory ligament of the head of the femur transmits tension generated by the weight of the abdominal organs on the _______, to the head of the femur.
prepubic tendon
124
The reciprocal apparatus directly involves which of the following?
- biceps femoris
- popliteus
- interosseus medius
- peroneus tertius
- medial patellar ligament
peroneus terius
125
Which of the following location(s) can be used to record a pulse in the horse?
- dorsal metatarsal artery
- transverse facial artery
- facial artery at the facial notch
- All of the above
All of the above
126
Which joint in the rear limb of a standing horse is normally in a state of hyperextension?
fetlock
127
One of the following structures can be palpated in a live horse.
- scapular cartilage
- spine of the scapula
- caudal part of the greater tubercle
- deltoid tuberostiy
All of those are palpable structures in the live horse
128
Things that can be done to relieve a horse of upward patellar fixation
- physical therapy and medication
| - medial patellar desmotomy
129
T/F: The communicating branch between the medial and lateral plantar nerves that crosses the superficial flexor tendon at the middle of metatarsus or metacarpus is palpable in a live horse.
True
130
Injury to the cranial tibial muscle would be most likely to impair which function?
- extension of the stifle
- flexion of the stifle
- extension of the hock
- flexion of the hock
flexion of the hock
131
T/F: A superficial plantar nerve block at the level of the distal aspect of splint bones is sufficient in order to obtain complete desensitization of the hind digit.
FALSE
132
The coffin joint is composed of what bones?
- Middle and distal phalanges
| - distal sesamoid bone
133
Which of the following is NOT palpable?
- deep digital flexor tendon
- lacertus fibrosus
- digital cushion
- metacarpal tuberosity
- distal end of splint bone
digital cushion
134
________ carries the functional insertion of the biceps brachii to the metacarpus
Lacertus fibrosus
135
The ulna is greatly reduced to olecranon and lateral styloid process in an adult horse. However, a fully developed ulna may be seen in the Shetland pony. This condition of reverting back to ancestral type is called ______
avatism
136
When nailing a shoe to a horse's hoof, the nails have to pass through the wall ______ to the white line
external
137
The distal check ligament in the forelimb of a horse runs from:
DDF to carpal palmar lig
138
Which muscle does NOT flex the carpus in a horse?
- flexor carpi radialis
- extensor carpi radialis
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- extensor carpi ulnaris
- SDF
extensor carpi radialis
139
What nerve supplies the horn of the ox?
Maxillary, which is a branch of the trigeminal
140
Testes and spermatic cord in the ox are drained by which lymph node?
Medial iliac
141
Which of the following is palpable on a rectal exam of a bull?
- Area of vaginal ring
- sacrum
- vesicular glands
- medial iliac lymph nodes
- all of the above
All of the above
142
What two arteries supply the bovine udder?
External pudendal and ventral perineal
143
To which of the following are the ovaries nearest in an adult, non-pregnant cow?
- lesser sciatic foramen
- transverse process of L2 vertebra
- S2 vertebral body
- Left kidney
- wing of ilium
wing of ilium
144
T/F: The body of the epididymis is situated on the caudal aspect of the testis
True
145
Why is intubation for gas anesthesia more difficult in the ox than in the horse?
Mainly d/t a more dorsally-directed aditus laryngis in the ox
146
The ______ sinus in the ox communicates directly w/ the palatine sinus
maxillary
147
T/F: Palatoglossal arch marks the division between oral cavity and the oropharynx
True
