Test 3 Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Does the bicipital bursa communicate with the cavity of the shoulder joint?
A
NO!
2
Q
Job of the lacertus fibrosus?
A
joins the long tendon of the biceps brachii to the tendon of the ext. carpi radialis m.
3
Q
Location of ext. carpi radialis?
A
lies on the caudal surface of the radius
4
Q
O and I of the ext. carpi radialis?
A
O: Lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus
I: MCIII (metacarpal tuberosity)
5
Q
Action of the ext. carpi radialis?
A
- extends carpal joint
- flexes elbow
- stabilizes carpal joint
6
Q
O and I of Ulnaris lateralis?
A
O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: Accessory carpal bone (short tendon) and MC IV (long tendon)
7
Q
Action of the ulnaris lateralis?
A
- FLEXES CARPAL JOINT
- extends elbow
8
Q
Bursa for the ulnaris lateralis?
A
under its tendon of origin
9
Q
T/F: The long tendon of the ulnaris lateralis is enveloped by a synovial sheath
A
True
10
Q
O and I of the flexor carpi radialis?
A
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus
I: MCII
11
Q
Action of the flexor carpi radialis?
A
- flexes carpal joint
- extends elbow
12
Q
Bursa of the Flexor carpi radialis?
A
under tendon of insertion
13
Q
The flexor carpi radialis is enclosed by ______ and bound by the __________
A
synovial sheath; flexor retinaculum
14
Q
O and I for flexor carpi ulnaris?
A
O:
-humeral head = medial epicondyle of humerus
-ulnar head = olecranon
I: Accessory carpal bone
15
Q
Action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
A
- flex carpal
- extend elbow
16
Q
Where is the bursa for the flexor carpi ulnaris? Does it communicate with the elbow?
A
Under ulnar head; extends elbow joint
17
Q
Is there a synovial sheath for the flexor carpi ulnaris?
A
no
18
Q
O and I of common digital extensor?
A
O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I:
-Extensor process of distal phalanx
-proximal and middle phalanx (dorsal surface)
19
Q
Action of common digital extensor?
A
- extends carpal and digital joints
- flexes elbow joint
20
Q
Location of the bursa of the common digital extensor?
A
at fetlock joint, between its tendon and the fetlock joint
21
Q
O and I of the SDF?
A
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus
I: middle phalanx and proximal phalanx
22
Q
Action of the SDF?
A
- flexes carpal and distal joints (fetlock, pastern)
- extends elbow
23
Q
Accessory ligament (proximal check lig) of SDF?
A
fuses w/ its tendon just proximal to carpus
24
Q
________ is common for the SDF and DDF, bound by the flexor retinaculum
A
Carpal synovial sheath
25
what is the manica flexoria?
ring in the SDF at the level of the fetlock, where the DDF passes
26
O and I of DDF?
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus
I: distal phalanx
27
Action of the DDF?
- flexes carpal and digital joints
| - extends elbow joint
28
How many head does the DDF have?
3 - humeral, radial, and ulnar
29
The accessory ligament for the DDF is a direct continuation of ___________
palmar carpal ligament
30
Where is the navicular bursa?
between the tendon of the DDF and the navicular bone
31
T/F: There are collateral ligaments for the shoulder
FALSE!!
| NO collateral lig. for shoulder
32
Applications of joint injection and aspiration (4)
- Intraarticular anesthesia
- administer medication
- collect synovial fluid
- administer a radiographic contrast medium
33
Where is the needle inserted for injection in the shoulder?
- Cr. margin of the palpable infraspinatus tendon
- level of the notch between the Cr. and Cd. parts of the greater tubercle
- needle is directed parallel to ground and caudally, aiming toward the opposite elbow
34
Major role of the forelimb?
support the weight of the body
35
Approx. ______% of the body weight is supported by the forelimb
60%
36
The weight supported by the forelimb is received at the proximal end of the scapula through the attachment of this muscle
serratus ventralis
37
What is one of the most important features of the suspensory apparatus?
suspensory ligament
38
These things prevent excessive overextension of the fetlock joint by the suspensory apparatus (6)
- suspensory ligament
- proximal sesamoid bones
- metacarpo-intersesamoidean ligament
- straight sesamoidean ligament
- oblique sesamoidean ligament
- cruciate sesamoidean ligament
39
What prevents excessive overextension of the pastern joint?
- axial and abaxial palmar ligaments, medial and lateral
- straight sesamoidean ligament
- DDF tendon
40
___________ prevents the pastern joint from buckling forward (flexion)
SDF tendon
41
T/F: When weight is on the limb, the SDF is under tension and pulls back on the joint
True
42
The carpus is stabilized by the ....
- palmar carpal ligament
- digital flexor tendons
- ECR tendon
43
Overextension of the carpus is blocked by the...
- primatily = flat dorsal parts of the articular surfaces in the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints
- secondary = palmar carpal ligament
44
This prevent the carpus from buckling forward (flexion)
constant upward pull of the ECR tendon through the lacertus fibrosus
45
The elbow is stabilized and prevented from flexion by...
- carpal and digital flexor muscles
- medial and lateral collateral ligaments
- short tendon of the Biceps brachii
46
Coronary border of the wall of the hoof
- external surface = periople
| - internal surface = coronary groove
47
Periople (5)
- soft, light-colored horn
- forms a 1-2 cm wide band
- becomes wider on the palmar aspect
- covers the bulbs of the heels
- blends with the base of the frog
48
Coronary groove (3)
- contains coronary corium
- narrows on the sides
- merges at the angles with the perioplic groove
49
Sole border (margo solearis)
- contacts with the ground (unshod hoof)
- its thickness is greater in front and at the angles
- its inner face is united with the periphery of the sole by horn of lighter color and softer texture, which appears on the ground surface of the hoof as the white line
50
Layers of the hoof wall
- stratum externum
- stratum medium
- stratum internum
51
Stratum externum
comprises
-periople -proximally
-stratum tectorium
_very thin layer of glossy horn, derived from the periople
_carried distally with the growth of the wall
52
Stratum medium
- forms the bulk of the wall
- its horn tubules run parallel from the coronary to the sole border
- pigmented in dark hooves, except in its deepest part
53
stratum internum
- consists of horny laminae
| - non-pigmented
54
What is the white line of the hoof?
juction between sole and the wall, where the hard coronary horn is mixed with the softer sole horn
55
What is the corium of the hoof?
- specially modified and highly vascular continuation of the connective tissue layer of the skin
- furnishes nutrition to the hoof
56
Papillae of the corium of the hoof (3)
- entire corium carries papillae
- run parallel to each other and to the dorsal surface of the hoof
- directed toward the ground
57
How many parts are there to the corium? Names?
5
- perioplic corium
- coronary corium
- laminar corium
- corium of the sole
- corium of the frog
58
The digital cushion is __________ supplied with blood vessels
poorly
59
role of the digital cushion
shock absorber
60
Veins of the hoof are ________ and form a venous network
valveless
61
These arteries supply the corium of the hoof
lateral and medial palmar arteries
62
This is an anastomose of the the lat. and med. palmar digital arteries
terminal arch
63
Arteries of the hoof
- lat. and med. palmar digital arteries
- terminal arch
- artery of the sole margin
64
Innervation of the hoof
- palmar digital nerve
| - dorsal branch
65
What does the palmar digital nerve innervate?
- navicular complex
- palmar 1/3 of the wall, sole, frog, heel bulbs, hoof cartilage
- coffin joint
66
Dorsal branch innervates what?
perioplic, coronary and wall segment
67
When is it most effective to apply a nose twitch when doing nerve blocks in the leg?
immediately before needle placement
68
Why is it not ideal to use a sedative to manage the horse when doing nerve blocks?
may interfere with gait assessment
69
While rare, what are some complications that might occur during nerve blocks?
- broken needle
- subcutaneous infection
- septic synovitis
70
Golden Rule of Regional Anesthesia
Start distally in the limb and work proximally to localize the lesion!!!!
71
Forelimb Nerve Blocks (distal to proximal)
- palmar digital
- abaxial sesamoid
- low palmar
- high palmar
- lateral palmar
72
What does a palmar digital nerve block desensitize?
- entire sole
- navicular apparatus
- digital cushion
- almost all region of corium (except perioplic, coronary, and lateral side of the laminar corium)
- DDF tendon - digital potion
- coffin joint
73
How can you tell if a palmar digital nerve block was a success? (2)
- resolution of lameness
| - loss of skin sensation at the coronary band in the palmar portion of the foot
74
Nerves blocked by abaxial sesamoid nerve block?
- palmar digital nerves
| - dorsal branch of the palmar digital nerve
75
What does an abaxial sesamoid nerve block desensitize?
- proximal phalanx (palmar apsect)
- middle phalanx
- fetlock joint (except the proximal portion of the fetlock joint pouch)
- pastern joint
- SDF, DDF tendons -distal portion
- distal sesamoidean ligaments
- digital annular ligaments
76
How can you tell if an abaxial sesamoid nerve block was successful?
loss of skin sensation at
- coronary band in the toe region
- palmar portion of the foot or the heels
77
Nerves blocked with a low palmar nerve block?
- medial and lateral palmar nerves
| - medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
78
What does a low palmar nerve block desensitize?
```
-fetlock
_dorsal and palmar pouch
_skin over the dorsal aspect of it
-SDF and DDF tendons = distal to this region
-suspensory apparatus
```
79
A successful low palmar nerve block has a loss of skin sensation where?
- over dorsal aspect of P1
| - fetlock
80
Another name for a low palmar nerve block?
low four point block
81
Nerves blocked by a high palmar nerve block?
- medial and lateral palmar nerves
| - medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
82
What is desensitized with a high palmar nerve block?
- distal check ligament
- palmar carpal ligament
- SDF and DDF ligament
- MCII and MCIV bones
- suspensory ligament - proximal portion
83
Where is there loss of skin sensation with a successful high palmar nerve block?
over the palmar aspect of the metacarpus
84
Another name for the high palmar nerve block?
high four nerve block
85
What is desensitized with a lateral palmar nerve block?
suspensory ligament - proximal part
86
What is desensitized by a medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve block?
- carpus (partially)
- antebrachium - distal part
- structures innervated by the medial and lateral palmar nerves
87
A successful median cutaneous antebrachial nerve block has loss of skin sensation where?
craniomedial aspect of the pastern
88
Desensitized with ulnar cutaneous antebrachial nerve block
skin of the lateral aspect of the forelimb distal to the injection site down to the fetlock
89
Successful ulnar cutaneous antebrachial nerve block blocks skin sensation where?
craniolateral aspect of the metacarpus
90
Where is there loss of skin sensation with a successful medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve block?
dorsomedial aspect of the metacarpus
91
T/F: The medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve block is necessary for lameness exams
FALSE - this one innervates only skin
92
The frog of the hoof should be _____ the length of the hoof and about ________ width
2/3; whole
93
A well conformed hoof will have the _________ side more upright
medial
94
Pathognomonic stance for horse with foot issue?
pointing the toe
95
When it's a leg problem, how does the horse have its leg?
tucked in and protected
96
T/F: Non-wear/non-use of hooves can be a sign of anatomical issues
true
97
Ventral border of the jugular groove in ox?
sternomandibularis
98
Dorsal border of the jugular groove in ox?
cleidomastoideus
99
Floor (medial border) of the jugular groove in ox?
sternomastoideus
100
Superficial border of the jugular groove in ox?
Skin only
| - cutaneous colli is rudimentary
101
T/F: The nuchal ligament in ruminants has bursa
FALSE!!!
102
In large, but not small, ruminants there is a terminal lymph node. What is it?
lateral retropharyngeal
103
T/F: There is not a facial crest in ruminants
True - instead they have a facial tuberosity
104
Frontal sinus and maxillary sinus ________ communicate with each other
DO NOT
105
Most significant sinuses in ruminants?
frontal and maxillary
106
Why should small ruminants not be restrained by their horns?
Horns connect to the frontal sinus and the horn can break or fracture, exposing the frontal sinus
107
What's an issue of dehorning an older animal?
The horns connect with the frontal sinus in older animals. Dehorning would expose the frontal sinus.
108
T/F: In large ruminants, the frontal sinus extends caudally over the brain.
TRUE!
109
How soon should the diverticulum in the horn be developed?
By 6 months of age
110
3 diverticulum of the frontal sinus in ruminants
- cornual
- nuchal
- postorbital
111
T/F: As the frontal sinus has several compartments, each with its own opening into the dorsal ethmoid meatus, flushing the sinus may require several openings.
TRUE!
112
This sinus communicates with the palatine sinus
maxillary
113
How does the palatine sinus communicate with the nasal cavity?
Via the maxillary sinus
114
Ruminants have this type of teeth for their incisors, but have this type for their molars
brachydont; hypsodont
115
Dental formula for ruminants? (permanent)
2 (I 0/3, C 0/1, P 3/3, M 3/3) = 32
116
Dental formula for ruminants? (deciduous)
2 (i 0/3, c 0/1, p 3/3) = 20
117
How soon after birth are all deciduous teeth present in ox?
within 2 weeks
118
How many molars should ruminants have by one year of age?
2 molars
119
Which species have an infraorbital pouch as a superficial structure of the face?
Sheep
120
T/F: Small ruminants have a facial artery.
FALSE!!!!!!!
121
What anesthesia drug are small ruminants VERY sensitive to?
lidocaine
122
What is the efferent pathway for the observable reaction of both the palpebral and menace reflexes?
CN III
123
Cornual nerve block?
numb the horn
124
Auriculopalpebral nerve block?
paralyze the eyelids
125
Peterson orbital or retrobulbar nerve block?
numb the orbit
126
Maxillary and/or inftaorbital nerve block?
generally, numb upper jaw/lip
127
Mandibular and/or mental nerve block?
generally, numb lower jaw/lip
128
What is the torus linguae?
large bulbous area of the ruminant tongue
129
Do ruminants have an extracranial portion of the internal carotid artery?
No
130
Thoracodorsal nerve innervates what muscle?
latissimus dorsi m
131
what innervates cutaneus trunci?
lateral thoracic nerve
132
A needle placed craniodorsal to the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection would first enter which of the following?
- abdominal cavity
- caudodorsal blind sac
- peritoneal cavity
- pleural cavity
pleural cavity
133
Ruminant left lung lobes?
cranial lobe -Cr. and Cd. parts
| caudal lobe
134
Ruminant right lung lobes?
cranial lobe -Cr. and Cd. parts
middle lobe
caudal lobe
accessory lobe
135
Air supply to the right cranial lobe?
tracheal bronchus
136
Which lung is larger?
Right lung = about 1.5x size of left lung
137
Where is the mediastinum positioned?
Shifted to the left by the relatively larger right lung
138
Is it more or less likely to have communication between the pleural cavities in ruminants than in other species?
Less likely - the mediastinum is relatively thicker and stronger than that of other species
139
Type I vagal indigestion
failure of eructation
140
Type II vagal indigestion
failure of omasal transport
141
Type III vagal indigestion
secondary abomasal impaction
142
Type IV vagal indigestion
indigestion of late gestation
143
Roughly what % of the heart sits to the left of the midline?
60%
144
where is the ossa cordis found?
w/in the CT related to the cusps of the aortic valve
145
Sternopericardial ligament
- thickening of the endothoracic fascia
- continuous with the fibrous pericardium
- anchors pericardium to the sternum to hold the heart ina somewhat fixed position
146
The sternopericardial ligament is called what in carnivores?
phrenicopericardial ligament - attaches to diaphragm instead of sternum
147
T/F: in the ruminant, the coronary sinus contains only blood that is returning to the right atrium from the heart itself
False
