Test 3

Question 1

any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms of a society or group in which it occurs

Answer 1

deviance

Question 2

a form of deviance that violates our criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions

Answer 2

crime

Question 3

the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance

Answer 3

social control

Question 4

the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system

Answer 4

criminology

Question 5

said criminals could be identified by physical traits; called the father of criminology because he was the first to study crime; he worked in prisons and found that a lot of criminals look a lot alike - looked more primitive

Answer 5

Caesare Lombroso

Question 6

said body shape predicts criminality; if you are a mesomorph, you are more likely to be a violent criminal

Answer 6

William Sheldon

Question 7

quiet, fragile personality - lean, delicate build

Answer 7

ecfomorph

Question 8

assertive personality - muscular build

Answer 8

mesomorph

Question 9

relaxed, tolerant personality - plump build

Answer 9

endomorph

Question 10

said powerfully built sons grow up to be less sensitive to others because of how they are raised

Answer 10

Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

Question 11

found that “good boys” display a strong conscience, while “bad boys” demonstrate a weak conscience

Answer 11

Waller Reckless and Simon Dinitz

Question 12

personality controls impulses to become deviant (this theory leaves out the social context of the deviant/non-deviant person; why are some sub-groups more deviant?)

Answer 12

Containment Theory

Question 13

people feel strain when exposed to cultural goals that they cannot meet

Answer 13

Robert Merton’s Social Strain Theory

Question 14

argues that deviant labels are applied to people who interfere with the operation of capitalism

Answer 14

Spitzer

Question 15

once you have been labeled deviant or not, it is a self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 15

Lemert’s Labeling Theory

Question 16

little effect on a person’s self-concept

Answer 16

primary deviance

Question 17

person begins to take on a deviant identity

Answer 17

secondary deviance

Question 18

one becomes deviant after one associates with deviants

Answer 18

Differential Association Theory/The Sutherland Theory

Question 19

the breakdown of communal relationships leads to the lack of local connections, which leads to low levels of supervision and controls, which leads to deviance

Answer 19

Social Disorganization Theory

Question 20

a criminal act against a person or person’s property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

Answer 20

hate crime

Question 21

theft, vandalism, arson; doesn’t physically hurt others

Answer 21

crimes against property

Question 22

no readily apparent victims; ex: drug use

Answer 22

victimless crime

Question 23

comprises illegal activités committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs

Answer 23

occupational/white collar crimes

Question 24

business operations that supply illegal goods and services for profit

Answer 24

organized crime

Question 25

illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support

Answer 25

corporate crime

Question 26

fraud, scamming

Answer 26

internet crime

Question 27

illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials or act perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government or overthrow it

Answer 27

political crime

Question 28

refers to the local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehabilitate criminals; the courts, police, and punishment and corrections

Answer 28

criminal justice system

Question 29

any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed

Answer 29

punishment

Question 30

punishing to the extent of the crime committed

Answer 30

retribution

Question 31

seeing someone else getting punished deters others

Answer 31

general deterrence

Question 32

remove people from society to stop them from hurting others

Answer 32

incapacitation

Question 33

trying to change the offender

Answer 33

rehabilitation

Question 34

when an inmate is released and then is arrested for committing another crime

Answer 34

recidivism

Question 35

relationships in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit, and care for any young and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group

Answer 35

family

Question 36

a social bond based on blood, marriage, or adoption

Answer 36

kinship

Question 37

the family you were born into and in which early socialization usually takes place

Answer 37

family of orientation

Question 38

a family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children that live in the same household

Answer 38

extended family

Question 39

a family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives

Answer 39

nuclear family

Question 40

marriage between people of the same social category

Answer 40

endogamy

Question 41

marriage between people of different social categories

Answer 41

exogamy

Question 42

marriage that unites tow partners

Answer 42

monogamy

Question 43

marriage that unites three or more people

Answer 43

polygamy

Question 44

man and 2+ women

Answer 44

polygyny

Question 45

woman and 2+ men

Answer 45

polyandry

Question 46

custom of married couple living with or near the husband's family

Answer 46

patrilocality

Question 47

custom of married couple to live with or near the wife's family

Answer 47

matrilocality

Question 48

married couple living away from both families; happens in industrial/postindustrial societies

Answer 48

neolocality

Question 49

the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations

Answer 49

descent

Question 50

tracing kinship through men; take on male names, property goes to first son

Answer 50

patrilineal descent

Question 51

tracing kinship through women

Answer 51

matrilineal descent

Question 52

trace kinship through both men and women; becoming more normal in industrial/postindustrial societies

Answer 52

bilateral descent

Question 53

everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life that we know through our senses

Answer 53

profane

Question 54

those aspects of life that exist beyond the everyday, natural world that we cannot experience with our senses

Answer 54

sacred

Question 55

a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on a conception of the sacred

Answer 55

religion

Question 56

a religious organization that is so integrated into the dominant culture that it claims as its membership all members of a society

Answer 56

ecclesia

Question 57

a large, bureaucratically organized religious organization that tends to seek accommodation with the larger society in order to maintain some degree of control over it; well-integrated, rules, regulations, way to establish its leadership, teaches morality

Answer 57

church

Question 58

a large organized religion characterized by accommodation to society but frequently lacking in ability or intention to dominate society

Answer 58

denomination

Question 59

a relatively small religious group that has broken away from another religious organization to renew what it views as the original version of the faith

Answer 59

sect

Question 60

a loosely organized religious group with practices and teachings far outside the dominant cultural and religious traditions of a society

Answer 60

cult

Question 61

a loosely organized religious group with practices and teachings far outside the dominant cultural and religious traditions of a society

Answer 61

cult

Question 62

the importance of religion in a person's life

Answer 62

religiosity

Question 63

the social institution responsible for the formal transmission of knowledge

Answer 63

education

Question 64

cultural knowledge that serves as currency that helps you navigate a culture and alters experiences and the opportunities available

Answer 64

cultural capital

Question 65

a teacher's expectations influence student achievement (Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson)

Answer 65

teacher-expectation effect

Question 66

the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance in society and nonreligious values, principles, and institutions take their place

Answer 66

secularization

Question 67

belief that nations process through various stages, such as modernization and rationalization, religion increasingly loses its authority in all aspects of social life and governance

Answer 67

secularization thesis

Question 68

social institution that distributes power, sets a society's agenda, and makes decisions

Answer 68

politics

Question 69

ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance

Answer 69

power

Question 70

power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive

Answer 70

authority

Question 71

organization that directs the political life of society

Answer 71

government

Question 72

the area of sociology that examines the nature and consequences of power within or between societies, as well as the social and political conflicts that lead to changes in the allocation of power

Answer 72

political sociology

Question 73

invisible power; ability of a power-holder to keep challenges from arising in the first place; capacity of a power-holder to convince subordinate groups that is in their best interests to support the status quo

Answer 73

covert power

Question 74

overthrow of one political system to establish another; rising expectations, unresponsive government, radical leadership by intellectuals, establishing a new legitimacy

Answer 74

revolution

Question 75

random acts of violence or a threat of such violence used by an individual or group as a strategy for power

Answer 75

terrorism

Question 76

government agencies that provides benefits to the population

Answer 76

welfare state

Question 77

political alliance of people interested in some economic or social issue

Answer 77

special interest group

Question 78

organizations formed by special interest groups to pursue their political aims by raising and spending money

Answer 78

political action committees (PACs)