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CHE 104 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ester functional group

A

“Carbonyl-oxygen-carbon group”

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2
Q

An ester is a derivative of what?

A

A carboxylic acid

“-OH” portion of the COOH is replaced with an “-OR” group

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3
Q

Esterification reaction

A

Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol or phenol to produce an ester.
This is a type of condensation reaction (which is a type of substitution reaction)

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4
Q

Nomenclature - Ester

A
  1. Change “e” from alkane of largest chain and add -“oate”
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5
Q

Characteristics of Esters

A

Give flavor/fragrances of fruits and flowers. Pheromones are also esters.

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6
Q

Analgesic

A

Decrease pain

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7
Q

Antipyretic

A

Lowers body temp

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8
Q

Anti inflammatory

A

Reduces inflammation

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9
Q

Aspirin

A

An ester of salicylic acid

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10
Q

Aspirin is derived from

A

The bark of a willow tree

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11
Q

Oil of wintergreen

A

Can be absorbed through the skin and they hydrolyzed to produce salicylic acid

  • pain reliever
  • decreases sore muscle pain
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12
Q

Ester saponification

A

Hydrolysis of an ester with a strong base produces a carboxylic acid salt

Ester+Strong base-> carb acid salt+alcohol

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13
Q

Polyester

A

Condensation polymer in which monomers are joined with an ester linkage

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14
Q

Ester hydrolysis

A

Ester reacts with H2O to produce a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
-reverse esterfication:

ester+water->carb acid+alcohol

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15
Q

Thioester

A
  • SR replaces -OR

* S is sulfur

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16
Q

Production of a thioester

A

Carb acid+thio–>thioester+water

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17
Q

Lactomer

A

Lactic acid + glycolic acid polymerized

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18
Q

Amine

A

Derivative of ammonia, NH3. Classified as primary, secondary, tertiary

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19
Q

Primary Amine

A

N bonded to only 1 carbon

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20
Q

Secondary Amine

A

N bonded to 2 carbons, denoted by N

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21
Q

Tertiary Amine

A

N bonded to 3 carbons, denoted by N,N

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22
Q

Simplest aromatic amine

A

Aniline

-toxic

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23
Q

Physical properties of amines

A

Have odors resembling raw fish

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24
Q

Diamines

A

Strong disagreeable odor, comes from bacterial decomposition of proteins

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25
Amines are ____ _____
Weak bases!
26
Production of an amine salt
Amine + Acid -> Amine salt | Also called Neutralization
27
Protonation
An amine + acid -> amine salt
28
Deprotonation
An amine salt + base -> An amine
29
Acetylcholine
- Neurotransmitter that triggers nerve impulses - example of a quaternary ammonium salt - Lack of acetylcholine leads to Alzheimers
30
Epinephrine
- Adrenaline | - fight or flight
31
Serotonin
Helps us relax, sleep deeply and peacefully, think rationally, and it provides us a feeling of well-being and calmness. low serotonin = associated with depression, anxiety, disorders
32
Dopamine
Produced in the nerve cells of the midbrain and acts as a natural stimulant to give us energy and feelings of enjoyment deficiency causes parkinsons disease
33
Catecholamines
- dopamine - norephinephrine - epinephrine - all synthesized from AA tyrosine
34
Histamine
- Produced by the immune system in response to pathogens and invaders, or injury - allergic reactions
35
Alkaloids
- Naturally occurring amines that come from plants | - used as stimulants, anesthetics, and antidepressants
36
Common alkaloids
- coffee - caffeine - cocaine - atropine - dilate pupils
37
Amides
Carboxylic acid derivatives | -amino group (NH2) replaces -OH group of carb acid
38
Primary amides
N bonded to 1 carbon
39
Secondary Amide
N bonded to two C's
40
Tertiary amide
N bonded to 3 C's
41
Simplest amide
Methanamide
42
Simplest aromatic amide
Benzamide
43
Urea
Simplest naturally occurring amide
44
Barbiturates
Cyclic amides
45
Melatonin
Regulate sleep wake cycle | -amide
46
Hydrolysis of an amide
Amide + H2O --->carb acid + amine
47
Acid hydrolysis of an amide
Amide + H2O + HCl -> carb acid + amine salt
48
Base hydrolysis of an amide (Saponification)
Amide + H2O + NaOH --> carb acid salt + amine
49
Amidification
Carboxylic acid with amine produce an amide
50
Ammonia + carb acid --->
primary amide
51
Primary amine + -COOH --->
secondary amide
52
Secondary amine + -COOH --->
tertiary amide
53
Amides found in...
- Urea - Saccharin - Barbituarates - acetaminophen
54
Polyamide
- condensation polymer in which the monomers are linked through amide linkages ex. kevlar, silk and wool (natural)
55
Most important synthetic polyamide
Nylon
56
Polyurethanes
Ester and amide functional groups | ex. spandex
57
Superimposable mirror images
Images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other
58
Nonsuperimposable mirror images
Images that not all points coincide when the images are laid upon each other
59
Chiral center
Atom in a molecule that has 4 different groups tetrahedrally bonded to it
60
Chiral molecule
Molecule whose mirror images are not superimposable
61
Stereoisomers
Isomers who are connected in the same way but differ in orientation
62
Enantiomers
Stereoisomers whose molecules are non superimposable mirror images of each other
63
Diastereomers
Stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other (cis-trans)
64
Fischer projections
- used to represent carbohydrates | - places the most oxidized group at the top
65
D system
Last hydroxyl of the chiral carbon is on the right
66
L system
Last hydroxyl of the chiral carbon is on the left
67
Dextrorotatory compound
chiral compound that rotates the polarized light clockwise
68
Levorotatory compound
chiral compound that rotates polarized light counter clockwise
69
Aldose
Monosaccharide with an aldehyde functional group-
70
Ketose
monosaccharide with a ketone functional group
71
D-glucose
most abundant and important mono. aka blood sugar primary energy source for cells
72
D-fructose
- converted to glucose in the body - found in fruit juices - biochemically most important ketohexose
73
D-ribose
- part of RNA - part of DNA - part of ATP
74
D-galactose
- brain sugar - synthesized in mammary glands with glucose produced lactose - used to differentiate between blood types
75
alpha form d-glucose
-OH is on opposite sides
76
beta form d glucose
-OH are on the same sides
77
Sugar alcohol
Either an alludes or kettles that has been reduced to a hydroxyl group
78
Glycoside
An acetal, formed when the -OH group on a cyclic monosaccharide is replace by -OR group
79
glycoside produced from glucose
Glucoside
80
glycoside produced from galactose
galactoside
81
Glycosidic linkage
The carbon-oxygen-carbon bond in disaccharides
82
Maltose
Glucose+glucose - malt sugar - common ingredient in baby foods & found in malted milk
83
Lactose
Glucose+galactose - milk sugar - converted to lactic acid by bacteria causing the souring of milk
84
Sucrose
Glucose+fructose | -table sugar
85
Starch
Contains only glucose molecules | 2 different starches: amylose & amylopectin
86
Amylose
Alpha-D-glucose molecules | continuous unbranched chain
87
Amylopectin
Branched polymer of alpha-D-glucose molecules
88
Glycogen
- contains only glucose | - animal storage
89
Cellulose
- most abundant polysaccharide - structural component of cell walls of plants, has beta linkages which are undigestible - dietary fiber
90
Chitin
Polysaccharide that gives arthropods their rigid exoskeletons
91
Mucopolysaccharide
Occurs in connective tissue in joints of humans and animals primary funct. as a lubricant of joints
92
Homopolysaccharide
1 type of monosccharide monomer
93
Heteropolysaccharide
More than 1 type of monosaccharide
94
Hyaluronic acid
Highly viscous, serve as lubricant in the fluid of joints and in eye
95
Heparin
An anticoagulant that prevents blood clots
96
Sucralose
Made from sucrose by replacing some of the hydroxyl groups with chlorine atoms
97
Glycolipid
Lipid molecule that has one or more carbohydrate groups bonded to it
98
Glycoprotein
Protein molecule that has one or more carbohydrate group bonded to it

CHE 104 (2 decks)

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