Test 3

Question 1

What is meant by a temporal trend?

Answer 1

change over time

Question 2

What is meant that measurements must be specific, observable, and replicable?

Answer 2

S-precision of the defined target behaviour . it is clear when the behaviour has or has not occurred.
O-extent the behaviour can be measured by observers (not self report)
R-extend to with the observation methods can be duplicated on multiple occasions.

Question 3

What are the characteristics of repeated measurements?

Answer 3

• must be preformed under exact and standard conditions

- must be specific, observable, and replicable

Question 4

What is meant by the frequency of measurements obtained per unit of time should be given careful
consideration?

Answer 4

• the experimenter must insure that a sufficient number of measurements are recorded so that a representative sample is obtained
• also want to avoid too may to avoid fatigue etc.

Question 5

What limitations exist with self report?

Answer 5

-it is possible that the repeated assessment of the participants report is not capturing true change in the outcome, but is influenced by experiment demand

Question 6

What is meant by cyclic variation?

Answer 6

fixed period due to some other physical cause, such as daily variation in temperature

Question 7

What is a baseline?

Answer 7

the initial period of observation during which repeated measurement is used to determine the natural frequency of the target behaviours.

Question 8

What are the two functions of baseline?

Answer 8

descriptive and predictive

• natural occurrence of the target behaviour
• predict rates of behaviour in the future.

Question 9

What is meant by baseline stability?

Answer 9

shows no apparent trend upwards or downwards.

Question 10

What are criteria used to establish stability?

Answer 10

an absence of variability/trend in the last 3 observation points.

Question 11

What limitations impact the length of baseline?

Answer 11

logistical problems - increased resources

ethical considerations

Question 12

What is the minimum number of data points needed for baseline?

Answer 12

3

Question 13

What is a stable baseline?

Answer 13

variability remains minimum. most preferred.

Question 14

What is an increasing baseline?

Answer 14

target behaviour deteriorating. shows if treatment works, but doesn’t show effectively if the treatment has no effect or makes the patient worse.

Question 15

What is a decreasing baseline?

Answer 15

shows steady improvement. difficult to show treatment gains. needs reversal to show.

Question 16

What is a variable baseline?

Answer 16

extreme variability. can extend baseline or make inferences.

Question 17

What is an increasing decreasing baseline?

Answer 17

best to continue until stable again. same problems as decreasing baseline (how would you know treatment works)

Question 18

What is a decreasing increasing baseline?

Answer 18

often reflects a placebo effect. continue until stable or increasing.

Question 19

What is the cardinal rule of single case experimental research?

Answer 19

change only one variable at a time when preceding from one phase to another

Question 20

What is meant by interactive effects in design implementation?

Answer 20

which components and how much contributed to behaviour change. need to compare side by side to property assess. e.g. abab or a-b-a-b-bc-b-bc

Question 21

What is meant by functional equivalence of different experimental phases?

Answer 21

when there is no effect between A and B. dependent measures are essentially alike.
e.g. A=B=A-C-A-C

Question 22

What is a treatment package?

Answer 22

test the impact of two or more components e.g. A-BC-A-BC
more than one variable is manipulated at a time.
does not allow inferences for individual treatment components
exception A-BC-B-C

Question 23

What is a placebo?

Answer 23

A neutral treatment that has no “real” effect on the dependent variable is called a placebo

Question 24

What are placebo effects?

Answer 24

a subject’s positive response to a placebo is called the placebo effect.

Question 25

What is a reversal design?

Answer 25

- if treatment has control over the target beh. a decrease or increased tree in the data should follow. - same procedure is applied to an alternate but incompatible behaviour (kids examples)

Question 26

What is a withdrawal design?

Answer 26

-Treatment is withdrawn and returned to baseline conditions

Question 27

What are 5 considerations regarding the withdrawal of treatment?

Answer 27

- withdrawal period will be relatively brief - staff/parent cooperation - withdrawal treatment creates limited environmental disruptions - outside variables will be limited during baselines/withdrawal phases - reinstatement will be done as soon as feasible

Question 28

How do trends impact phase changes?

Answer 28

unstable trend - longer phases

Question 29

What are carryover effects?

Answer 29

.lingering impact of the effects of one treatment phase on subsequent phases.

Question 30

What is the rule regarding length of phases?

Answer 30

.to maintain relative equivalent phase lengths when possible. If you have to change, add in more initial baseline or final phase for generalization checks.

Question 31

What is meant by cyclic variation?

Answer 31

systematic, recurrent patterns or fluctuations in a target behaviour that are not the direct result of the treatment variable.

Question 32

What is meant by an irreversible procedure?

Answer 32

.cannot be withdrawn once they have been applied

Question 33

What design is used with irreversible procedures?

Answer 33

.multiple baseline design

Question 34

What are therapeutic instructions?

Answer 34

.once an instructional set is given, technically it cannot be withdrawn -couples smiling and looking example ABAB, still see effects in second A

Question 35

What is response maintenance?

Answer 35

response maintenance following successful treatment

Question 36

What are 3 strategies used to evaluate response maintenance?

Answer 36

.sequential-withdrawal (remove treatments one at a time) - partial withdrawal (req. multiple baselines, one or more treatments are removed from one participant) - partial sequential withdrawal ( treatment component of is withdrawn from one baseline and then sequentially withdrawn from other baselines)

Question 37

Limitations of repeated measures

Answer 37

frequency obtained per unit ( sufficient sample, fatigue, uneven observation periods) - major environmental changes - self report - daily variability of target behaviour

Question 38

S - what was tested

Answer 38

dV Effects of two operant procedures were exam- ined: contingent interruption and reinforcement of behavior incompatible with seizures

Question 39

S- participants

Answer 39

- selected 5 ppl - criterion: (1) behaviourally observable seizure, (2) a minimum seizure frequency of at least one per day (3) a formal diagnosis of epilepsy

Question 40

S-reliability checks

Answer 40

2 trained observers eater side of the room for 1hr - calculated as % agreement . same/total - once statistical reliability established, checks were done once per phase

Question 41

S- interruption procedure

Answer 41

1-4 shout no and shake vigorously once | 5 diff R+ for hand raising behaviour. Tx placed hand down, waited 5 s, delivered primary and social R+

Question 42

S1 info

Answer 42

7/autism would Starr at flat surface/body becoming rigid/myoclonic spasms/terminating with a fall to the floor -always preceded by the fixed stare - was chosen target for modification IOA 100%

Question 43

S1 procedure

Answer 43

A: observed 9-3 for 3 weeks and recorded total seizures per day. data taken to determine if there was a function (timer activity etc.) B: interruption procedure applied contingent on the visual fixation, no consequences if seizure occurred. A:only 1 day used multiple schedule strategy. 9-12 no interruption, 12-3 interruption reinstated. B: reinstated

Question 44

S1 results

Answer 44

BL over 60 per 5 day week no discrimination of seizures between people etc. treatment - reduced to 5-10 per week return to BL - increase treatment - reintroduce faded to 0 per week - during study seizures when staff didn't interrupt within 10-15 s - data only for seizures not for fixed stare -medication was also being reduced during treatment

Question 45

S2 info

Answer 45

4yr with brain damage 1 lower activity level 2 minor motor seizure (arm and head) then second less serious seizure 20-30s staring then vomiting IOA 100% 92% for lowered activity levels lowered activity level predictability 50-80%

Question 46

S2 procedure

Answer 46

first targeted minor motor then absence seizures BL: recorded total seizures per day % then calculated P: same as 1 except contingent on lowered activity level BL: absence seizures (2nd ones). recorded as well as vomiting P: same as 1 except contingent on absences seizures multiple schedule design (school not home) BL: removed for 4 weeks P: reinstated only during school hours.

Question 47

S2 results

Answer 47

bl at 6, drop to average of 3. , recovered to 5 8 months later average of 2 per day 60% minor motor s predicted, only reduced by 50 and terminally by 17 bl for a/v was terminated before stable interruption had no discernible effect on the subject (a/v)

Question 48

S3 info

Answer 48

4 with brain damage 1 -subtle behavioural change (IOA 15%) 2- SUDDEN FLEXION OF ARMS AND HEAD IOA for seizures 100%

Question 49

s3 procedure

Answer 49

same as before, contingent on lowered activity

Question 50

S3 results

Answer 50

BL 75 per week, no patterns P reduced to 45-50 per week BL slightly below baseline P decrease equal to first elimination of predicted seizure, mom was always right, but couldn't catch all no change in preseizure behaviour

Question 51

s4 info

Answer 51

14 yr 1- right arm slowly raised to a position parallel to the head 2- 60s seizure consisting of myoclonic jerking and vacant staring predictability 100% IOA 100%

Question 52

S4 procedure

Answer 52

same

Question 53

S4 results

Answer 53

BL 11 per week P 2.5 per week BL peak to 8 P: 3 follow up, still using procedure, increased by 1-2 per week seizure frequency returned to baseline , procedure not used a year later. arm raising decreased in direct proportion to seizure activity

Question 54

S5 info

Answer 54

17 ID meds not working 1-body became tense and rigid 2-clenched her fists ad raised her arms at a 90 degree angle from her body 3-head snapped back and a grimace appeared on her face 4-the major seizure ensued reliability 100% for seizure and preseizure

Question 55

S5 procedure

Answer 55

``` DRO 1- as soon as she raised her arm in the air, they were placed down or in her lap 2-delay of 5s 3-praised 4-given m&M ```

Question 56

S5 results

Answer 56

BL 16 per day P near zero frequency BL increased to 6 per day P near zero preseizure behaviour decreased as a function of the experimental manipulation

Question 57

M purpose

Answer 57

systematically replicate pairing and fading procedures | -mix preferred substance into a non preferred fluid then gradually eliminating the chocolate syrup.

Question 58

M participant and setting

Answer 58

preschool Mark 4yr refused milk during meals teacher sat at the table with kids poured kids milk from pitcher used separate pitcher for precise measurment

Question 59

m response measurement

Answer 59

pitcher was marked in 2 oz increments - before the meal teacher measure milk in pitcher, served m, at the end put remaining milk back in the pitcher and measured again. - measured amount consumed

Question 60

M IOA

Answer 60

``` 44% of meals second teacher measured -smaller measure/larger measure to create percentage 100% before 97% after 100% home ```

Question 61

M proceddure

Answer 61

BL: 4oz of milk. teacher prompted Mark to pour milk into his cup. no prompts to drink. no Consequences for drinking or not. P: identical except 5ml of chocolate syrup. told he was getting chocolate milk Fading: decreased by .2m; every 2 meals decrease across meals until plain milk was provided -ran at home following fading at school

Question 62

M results

Answer 62

didn't drink during BL with chocolate he consumed the full serving during every meal at the end of fading milk consumption was variable but well elevated -did reversal after first pairing phase -successful replication

Question 63

M discussion

Answer 63

only 63% compared to calcium requirements, but... eats other dairy products can increase milk consumption with more syrup -no escape extinction used -limitation, fading progressed too slow (maybe include probes to test)

Question 64

V-overview

Answer 64

operant procedure - simultaneous discrimination paradigm was used and tested - graduated stimuli change used to teach discrimination - limit of 4hr was imposed - equipment was kept to a minimum - only autism or schizophrenia

Question 65

V sunjects

Answer 65

11 a/s children non verbal compared with 4 non psychotic children, normal language users, with behaviour disorder, all have passed vision testing

Question 66

V equipment

Answer 66

training and test cards made using Snellens E (down CR/+ left IR/S-). started with black strips and last card was testing card (E not strips) -18 S- cards used, white fading to lines, last left E -16 pairs of test cards widths corresponded to visual acuity -distance from cards 6.1m -blackboard, cards went in chalk tray -four tables arranged to make T kid at the end

Question 67

V procedure

Answer 67

- trials were same as training/test phases - placed pair of S on tray - name look at the cards - come touch the correct card - if correct praise and edible - if wrong side they would say no and return to seat, remove cards

Question 68

v training phase

Answer 68

started with s+ until was correct 2 times - first couple trails were manually prompted - s+ then paired with S-, until they chose s+ 2 times - fading began for s- - when IR fading stopped and remained until 5 CR - used correction procedure to prevent side bias, used same side following error - needed 5CR in a row in 15 trails or they would start over - last step showed es in training phase

Question 69

V test phase

Answer 69

pairs of test cards with progressively smaller Es were presented until IR - (criterion run for all following trials) 5/7 next trials need to be cR before moving to smaller - if failed went back a level - done after 3 criterion runs without getting smaller - test phases were various lengths depending on the Tx judgement

Question 70

V Validity assessment

Answer 70

4 controls tested in same manner

Question 71

V results

Answer 71

8 were successfully trains 3 filled to move on | every child failed to advance beyond their first error