Test 3 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
How do you do a skin turgor test in horses?
A
pinch skin on lateral side of neck
2
Q
How do you do a skin turgor test in small animals?
A
pinch skin on lateral chest
3
Q
What does a normal skin turgor test look like?
A
skin returns promptly to normal position 1 sec or less
4
Q
A snap back with a >1 sec return means what?
A
> 5% dehydration
5
Q
A snap back with a >8 sec return means what?
A
severe dehydration
6
Q
Skin turgor is less reliable in what kind of patient?
A
obese
7
Q
Thin horses and older than 15 years have what kind of skin snap?
A
delayed regardless of hydration
8
Q
CRT is more accurate for assessing hydration than what?
A
skin turgor
9
Q
CRT reflects cardiac output which is directly affected by what?
A
hydration status
10
Q
Prolonged CRT usually means what?
A
low CO, most commonly result of inadequate hydration
11
Q
What is a normal CRT?
A
<2.5 sec
12
Q
What is an abnormal CRT?
A
> 2.5 sec
13
Q
What is the CRT for a severely dehydrated animal?
A
5-8 sec
14
Q
What do dry, tacky MM mean?
A
dehydration unless they have been panting
15
Q
What do moist MM mean?
A
normal
16
Q
What do slick MM mean?
A
nausea
17
Q
What do pale MM mean?
A
lack of blood flow. Could be due to dehydration, hypovolemia
18
Q
What does yellow urine mean?
A
concentrating=dehydration
19
Q
Rapid weight gain means what?
A
possibility of overhydration or urine output has suddenly stopped
20
Q
Rapid weight loss means what?
A
dehydrated, blood loss, urine losses increased over fluid input
21
Q
What is a lung characteristic of pulmonary edema?
A
“crackles” sounds “wet”, “gurgling”
22
Q
What can cause the lungs to sound “wet”?
A
too many fluids, can occur with congestive heart failure
23
Q
Decreased lung sounds can happen when?
A
obesity, effusions and hypovolemia
24
Q
What does a bounding pulse strength mean?
A
overhydrated and low BP
25
What does a thready pulse strength mean?
dehydrated and low BP
26
Rapid HR may mean what?
hypovolemia, hypoxia
27
Slow HR may mean what?
hypovolemia
28
Cool limbs indicate what?
hypovolemia (dehydration)
29
What does is mean when the eyelid and scleral conjunctiva will be puffy and fluid filled?
edema
30
What can Chemosis be an indicator of?
over hydration
31
What is Chemosis?
conjunctival edema
32
What can be seen with peripheral edema?
swollen head, limbs, and paws
33
What are some non-invasive monitoring equipment?
EKG, Indirect blood pressure
34
What are some invasive monitoring equipment?
PCV, TP, Direct blood pressure, CVP measurement
35
Which monitoring tool is most accurate?
direct blood pressure
36
What is a normal systolic range?
100-150 mm Hg
37
What is an ideal mean arterial BP?
75-90 mm Hg
38
What does a systolic BP of >175 mm Hg mean?
hypertension
39
What can increase BP in animals?
stress of illness and hospitalization
40
What can you use to monitor BP indirectly
oscillometric and Doppler
41
Oscillometric BP assessment can be combined with what?
EKG and pulse Oximeter
42
What is Oscillometric often used with?
Ax or monitoring sedentary animal
43
A Doppler uses what to audibly locate the arterial pulse?
ultrasound crystal and monitor
44
BP cuff determines what?
systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressures
45
You can program BP cuffs to do what?
record at intervals
46
BP cuff diameter should approximate what?
40% of the circumference of the limb at the site of cuff placement
47
Where can you place a BP cuff?
metacarpus, metatarsus, tail
48
You should not use arterial catheters for what?
injections
49
Catheterize artery= what?
an "a-line"
50
No medications should be administered via what?
intrarterial injection
51
You should do what to arterial catheters to prevent what?
confusion
52
Flush arterial catheter regularly and slowly to prevent what?
clots
53
What is CVP?
BP in central veins, as the thoracic vena cava
54
CVP measurement helps assess/monitor what?
hydration and the efficacy of fluid therapy
55
What is a normal CVP?
0-5 cm H2O
56
What does a CVP of <0 cm H2O mean?
hypovolemia, dehydration, inadequate fluid therapy
57
CVP values trending upward to 8-10 cm H2O mean?
increase in vascular volume and adequate fluid therapy
58
Sudden increases or values of CVP >10 cm H2O means what?
venous congestion, increased thoracic pressure, volume overload
59
How can you evaluate CVP?
HR, MM appearance, skin turgor
60
What equipment is needed for direct BP monitoring?
3-way stopcock, manometer filled with saline, saline filled syringe, extension set filled with saline, patient central line catheter
61
You should get a PCV and TP before what?
fluids are started
62
Increased PCV indicates what?
dehydration
63
Decreased PCV indicates what?
over hydration
64
What is a normal PCV for a dog?
37-55%
65
What is a normal PCV for a cat?
30-45%
66
What is a normal PCV in a horse?
32-48%
67
What is a normal PCV for cows?
24-46%
68
High TP means what?
dehydration
69
Low TP means what?
overhydration
70
What is a normal TP for a dog?
6.0-7.5 g/dl
71
What is a normal TP for a cat?
6.0-7.5 g/dl
72
What is a normal TP for horses?
6.0-8.5 g/dl
73
What is a normal TP for cows?
6.0-8.0 g/dl
74
What does proper hydration provide?
perfusion of tissues with delivery of nutrients, removal of wastes, delivery of drugs
75
Are SQ fluids reliable in a dehydrated animal?
probably not
76
Dehydration causes peripheral what?
vasoconstriction
77
What routes can you deliver fluids?
oral, SQ, IV, IO, IP
78
Which route is the best for fluids?
oral
79
What are some contraindications of oral delivery of fluids?
vomiting, esophageal disease, aspiration pneumonitis, shock
80
What fluids should be delivered SQ?
only isotonic
81
Why should Dextrose or other hypertonic solutions be administered SQ?
draws fluids into it, not absorbed, and may cause an abcess
82
What size needle is used for SQ fluid administration?
16-22 g depending on size of animal
83
What other size of needle can be used for SQ fluid administration in a dog or cat?
18-20 g
84
What amount of fluids should be administered SQ?
15ml/lb maximum
85
How many ml should be administered SQ to a cat?
10-20 ml/kg/site
86
How many ml should be administered SQ to a large dog?
can tolerate >200ml/site
87
SQ is not recommended for what kind of patient?
hypovolemic
88
When is IV route used for administration of fluids?
for mild to severe dehydration, hypotension, shock, vomit, where significant continuing losses occur
89
What does administration of fluids IV require?
close monitoring, asepsis, special care of catheters
90
What technique is used for administration of fluids IP?
aseptic
91
Where are IP fluids administered?
near umbilicus
92
IO administration of fluids is good when?
in emergency
93
What is needed for an aseptic fluid administration technique?
lidocaine, 16g needle in neonate, spinal needle+stylet if <4 mo. or bone marrow needle+stylet if >4 mo.
94
How much fluids should be given to a dog in a critical situation?
40 ml/#
95
How much fluids should be given to a cat in a critical situation?
20 ml/#
96
For critical patients, total blood volume should be divided into how many parts?
4
97
PCV less than what indicates a need for transfusion
20%
98
TP less than what of starting value indicates a need for transfusion
50%
99
In a critical situation fluids are given over how long?
an hour
100
In a therapeutic situation fluids are given over how long?
24 hours
101
What is oliguria?
urine output is lower than normal
102
oliguria can indicate what?
renal insufficiency or dehydration
103
What is calor?
heat/hot
104
What is dolor?
pain
105
What is rugor?
redness
106
What is turgor?
swelling
107
"hot packs" can encourage abscess to what?
liquefy, point and open
108
How warm should the towel be for abscesses?
no hotter than you can stand to hold on your own skin
109
"pack" abscesses for how long?
5 minutes several times a day
110
What can help reduce swelling and promote blood flow into the area?
epsom salts at the rate of 1-2 T/Cup water
111
What does an EKG measure?
the electrical conductance of the heart
112
What do EKGs NOT measure?
arteries, veins, valves, pericardium
113
In normal lead II complexes, Q and S waves are not always what?
present
114
P and R waves are what?
positive
115
T wave is usually what in Lead II?
positive
116
How do you measure EKG duration?
from baseline to baseline
117
How do you measure EKG amplitude?
from baseline to top of wave
118
A relationship should exist between what in EKGs?
every P and QRS
119
R-R intervals are used to detect what?
rhythm vs. arrhythmias
120
What kind of arrhythmias are okay, especially in large breeds/ deep chested dogs?
sinus arrhythmias
121
A prolonged P-R interval means what?
1st degree heart block
122
What is a 1st degree heart block?
delayed impulse SA through AV node
