Test 3 Chapter 14 Study Guide

Question 1

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 1

Early 1900s. Searched for the magic bullet

Question 2

Magic bullet

Answer 2

Something that would kill a microbe but be safe for the host

Question 3

Salvarsan

Answer 3

Can treat syphilis

Question 4

Klarer, Mietzsch and Domagk

Answer 4

Discovered antimicrobial properties of the dye, Prontosil

Question 5

Domagk

Answer 5

Continued work with antimicrobials. Worked with sulfanilamide that would become the first synthetic anitmicrobial.

Question 6

Alexander Fleming

Answer 6

“accidentally” discovered penicillin.

Question 7

Penicillin discovery

Answer 7

Alexander Fleming was growing Staphylococcus aureus. Went on vacation, petri dishes left up. Fungal growth occurd. Aureus died on plates with fungi.

Question 8

Dorothy Hodgkin

Answer 8

Discovered structure of penicillin leading the way for semi-synthetic antimicrobials.

Question 9

Selman Waksman

Answer 9

Discovered several antimicrobials isolated from fungi and Streptomyces spp.

Question 10

Selective toxicity

Answer 10

chemical agent or drug can exert a toxic effect on a pathogen and leave the infected host organism unharmed.

Question 11

Narrow-Spectrum anitmicrobial

Answer 11

Hits a few things. targets a specific group of bacteria. I.E. Gram-positive bacteria

Question 12

Broad-Spectrum antimicrobial

Answer 12

Hits lots of things. Would target Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative bacteria for example

Question 13

Broad-Spectrum antimicrobial and super infections

Answer 13

An opportunistic pathogen might take over the treated biome as good bacteria was destroyed by the broad spectrum antimicrobial

Question 14

Super infection

Answer 14

A secondary infection that occurs in an individual who is already infected with another strain of the same virus or bacteria.

Question 15

Enteral Route

Answer 15

Orally

Question 16

Parenteral Route

Answer 16

injection - fastest plasma concentration

Question 17

Synergistic Drug Interactions

Answer 17

Drugs do good things when taken together

Question 18

trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole

Answer 18

Block different steps in the folic acid production metabolic pathway in bacteria. Allows a larger population of bacteria to be neutralized

Question 19

Antagonistic Drug Interactions

Answer 19

Drugs negatively impact one another

Question 20

Antagonistic Drug Interactions - Example

Answer 20

Antacid use with some antimicrobials.

Antimicrobials and birth control. Antimicrobial reduces efficacy of birth control

Question 21

penicillin mechanism

Answer 21

Beta lactam - naturally occuring.

Inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

Narrow Spectrum - Gram positive bacteria

Question 22

cephalosporins mechanism

Answer 22

Beta Lactam - naturally occurring

Inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

Narrow Spectrum - Gram positive bacteria

Question 23

vancomycin mechanism

Answer 23

Inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

Narrow Spectrum - Gram positive bacteria

offspring of penicillin - synthetic though

Question 24

bacitracin mechanism

Answer 24

Inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

Narrow Spectrum - Gram positive bacteria

Triple antibiotic ointment

Question 25

aminoglycosides Mechanism

Answer 25

Inhibitor of protein biosynthesis - targets ribosomes Broad Spectrum neomycin - Triple antibiotic ointment

Question 26

tetracycline mechanism

Answer 26

Inhibitor of protein biosynthesis targets ribosomes Broad Spectrum

Question 27

azithromycin mechanism

Answer 27

Inhibitor of protein biosynthesis Targets ribosomes Broad Spectrum

Question 28

chloramphenicol mechanism

Answer 28

Inhibitor of protein biosynthesis targets ribosomes Broad Spectrum Very low cost, very targeted, easy to give.

Question 29

chloramphenicol why don't we use it more?

Answer 29

can cause aplastic anemia, so we don’t give it unless we have to

Question 30

polymyxin B

Answer 30

triple antibiotic ointment Inhibitor of membrane function

Question 31

dapsone

Answer 31

hansen’s diseases - Hep C Inhibitor of membrane function

Question 32

metronidazole

Answer 32

really broad spectrum Inhibitor of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Bacteria and protist

Question 33

rifampin

Answer 33

one of the first drugs used for tuberculosis Inhibitor of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Question 34

fluoroquinolones

Answer 34

Inhibitor of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Ciprofloxacin, poxin

Question 35

sulfonamides

Answer 35

folic acid pathway Inhibitors of Metabolic Pathways

Question 36

trimethoprim

Answer 36

folic acid pathway Inhibitors of Metabolic Pathways

Question 37

isoniazid

Answer 37

first line of tuberculosis therapy Inhibitors of Metabolic Pathways

Question 38

fluconazole

Answer 38

Targets ergosterol. Sterle in fungal plasma membranes. Very targeted

Question 39

quinolones

Answer 39

antiprotozoal drug treatment for maleria

Question 40

ivermectin

Answer 40

Anthelmintic drug affects nervous system

Question 41

praziquantel

Answer 41

Anthelmintic drug affects nervous system

Question 42

acyclovir

Answer 42

used to fight herpes Antiviral Drug

Question 43

Found in Triple antibiotic ointment

Answer 43

Bacitracin, Neomycin, Polymyxin B

Question 44

Mechanisms of Drug Resistance

Answer 44

How does a bacteria make it self unresponsive to a anti-microbial

Question 45

Efflux Pump

Answer 45

Active removal of the antimicrobial from the microbe. It gets in then pumped out.

Question 46

Blocked Penetration

Answer 46

Antimicrobial isn’t let in.

Question 47

Target modification

Answer 47

Bacteria change the shape of the target of the antimicrobial. Reduces the effectiveness of antimicrobial

Question 48

Inactivation of enzymes

Answer 48

Produces something that breaks down the antimicrobial destroying it.

Question 49

Target Mimicry

Answer 49

Bacteria produce something that looks like the target of the drug but does nothing. Decoy.

Question 50

Multidrug-resistance microbes (MDRs)

Answer 50

“superbugs” one or more resistance mechanisms

Question 51

Cross Resistance

Answer 51

Single resistance mechanism inactivates multiple antimicrobials.

Question 52

MRSA

Answer 52

Semisynthetic penicillin designed to target penicillin resistant S. Aureus

Question 53

VRSA

Answer 53

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Staphylococcus Aureus Narrow Specrtum antimicrobial One of the last lines of defense for MRSA

Question 54

MDR-TB

Answer 54

Multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to first line of defense

Question 55

XDR-TB

Answer 55

Extremely drug resistant tuberculosis. we have nothing to treat these.