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Child Development 1 > Test 3 chapter 8-10 > Flashcards

Test 3 chapter 8-10 Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

Just Right Phenomenon

A

wanting things done in a certain order or certain way
strong preferences in clothing
special routines
strong preferences for certain foods

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2
Q

Myelination

A

a fatty coating on the axons that speeds signals between neurons

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3
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

a band of nerve fibers that connects the lefts and right sides of the brain
grows and myelinates rapidly during early childhood

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4
Q

laterization

A

referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain with one side dominant for each activity

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5
Q

perseveration

A

some children persevere in or stick to one thought or action, unable to quit

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6
Q

Amygdala

A

part of the limbic system

a tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety

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7
Q

Hippocampus

A

a brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

a brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body

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9
Q

Gross motor skills by age 5

A

ride tricycles
climb ladders
pump their legs on swings
throw, catch and kick balls

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10
Q

primary prevention

A

actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease or abuse
(laws/speed limits)

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11
Q

Secondary prevention

A

actions that avert harm in high-risk situations such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian or installing traffic lights at dangerous intersections

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12
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

actions such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event
occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability

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13
Q

child maltreatment

A

intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years old

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14
Q

child abuse

A

deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional or sexual well-being

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15
Q

Child neglect

A

failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational or emotional needs

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16
Q

substantiated maltreatment

A

harm or endangerment that has been reported investigated and verified
1 in 90 children in the US

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17
Q

reported maltreatment

A

harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities
up to 3.5 million a year in the US

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18
Q

Warning signs of abuse

A 
PTSD
fantasy play around violence and sex
repeated injuries, physical complaints
hyper vigilance, absences from school
fear of caregiver, going home
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19
Q

Permanency planning

A

an effort to find a long-term solution to the problem (tertiary prevention)

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20
Q

foster care

A

maltreated child is removed from the parents’ custody and entrusted to another adult or family

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21
Q

kinship care

A

a form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child becomes the approved caregiver

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22
Q

adoption

A

a legal proceeding in which an adult or couple unrelated to a child is granted the obligations and joys of parenthood

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23
Q

Preoperational thought

A

before logical reasoning/reasoning process

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24
Q

centration

A

a young child focuses on one idea, excluding all others

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25
focus on appearance
a thing is whatever it appears to be
26
static reasoning
belief that the world is unchanging
27
irreversibility
what is done cannot be undone
28
conservation
the principle that the amount of substance remains the same when its appearance changes
29
animism
the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive | children simultaneously hold rational and magical ideas
30
Social learning
every aspect of children's cognitive development is embedded in the social context
31
guided participation
process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
32
zone of proximal development
vygotskys term for the skills that a person can exercise only with assistance
33
scaffolding
temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the larner master the next task in a given learning process
34
private speech
the internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves
35
social mediation
human interaction that expends and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explain something to another
36
theory theory
the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear using theories
37
theory of mind
a person's theory of what other people might be thinking
38
fast mapping
the speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to the perceived meaning
39
over regularization
the application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more regular than it actually is (Adding an "S" to the end of a word to make it plural
40
balanced bilingual
fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other | need to be exposed to twice as much language as usual
41
Child-centered programs
stress children's natural inclination to learn through play rather than by following adult directions follow vygotsky's thought that children learn from other children and through cultural practices that structure life
42
montessori schools
emphasize individual pride and accomplishment, presenting literacy-related tasks
43
Reggio Emilia
a famous program of early-childhood education that originated in the town Reggio Emilia, Italy encourages each child's creativity in a carefully designed setting
44
Teacher-directed programs
stress academic subjects taught by a teacher to an entire class learn number, letters, shapes, colors clear distinction between work and play
45
Project head-start
the most widespread early-childhood education program in the US began in 1956 and funded by federal government thought to be highly successful at raising children's intelligence, ten years later, early gains were said to fade
46
Emotional regulation
the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed due to connections between the limbic system and prefrontal cortex
47
initiative v. guilt
erikson's third psychosocial crisis | children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them
48
self concept
a person's understanding of who he or she is, incorporating self-esteem, appearance, personality and various traits
49
protective optimism
preschoolers predict that they can solve impossible puzzles, remember long lists of words and control their dreams
50
externalizing problems
expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts by lashing out at other people or breaking things
51
internalizing problems
turning one's emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed or worthless
52
intrinsic motivation
occurs when people do something for the joy of doing it
53
extrinsic motivation
occurs when people do something to gain praise or some other reinforcement
54
peers
people of about the same age and social status provide practice in emotional regulation, empathy and social understanding children usually prefer to play with each other rather than with their parents
55
Solitary play
a child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearb
56
onlooker play
a child watches other children play
57
parallel play
children play with similar toys in similar ways but not together
58
associative play
children interact, observing each other and sharing material but their play is not yet mutual and reciprocal
59
cooperative play
children play together, creating and elaborating a joint activity or taking turns
60
Rough-and-tumble play
play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing or hitting but in which there is no intent to harm
61
Sociodramatic play
Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create
62
Authoritarian Parenting
high behavioral standards strict punishment of misconduct and little communication Children tend to become conscientious, obedient and quiet, feel guilty or depressed and blame themselves when things don't go well. Rebel as adolescents
63
Permissive parenting
high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance or control children tend to be unhappy and lack self-control, suffer from inadequate emotional regulation, be immature and lack friendships
64
Authoritative parenting
parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children Children tend to be successful, articulate, happy with themselves and generous. They are well-liked by teachers and peers
65
Neglectful/uninvolved parenting
parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children's lives Children tend to be immature, sad, lonely and at risk of abuse. May have social/cognitive problems
66
Diana Baumrind
Parents differ on 4 important dimensions (expressions of warmth, strategies for discipline, communication, expectations for maturity) Problems: little economic/ethnic diversity, focuses more on attitudes than daily interactions, overlooked child's contribution
67
Psychological control
involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents
68
Time-out
involves separating a child from other people and activities for a specified time
69
Physical Punishment
increases obedience temporarily but increases the possibility of later aggression many do not become violent adults
70
Media influences
children who watch televised violence become more violent themselves stereotypes are evident can be harmful if violent electronics are not recommended for children younger than 2 adult selection and supervision are needed
71
Empathy
the ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ form one's own
72
antipathy
feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person
73
Antisocial behavior
actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person (Declines at at 2)
74
Proscoial behavior
actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them (Increases from 3-6)
75
Instrumental aggression
hurtful behavior intended to get something that another person has and to keep it
76
reactive aggression
an impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action (verbal or physical)
77
relational aggression
nonphysical acts (insults or social rejections) aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people
78
bullying aggression
unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attacks, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves
79
Sex differences
biological differences between males and females in organs, hormones and body shape
80
gender differences
differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females
81
Androgny
the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics
82
Phalic stage
freuds theird stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure
83
Oedipus complex
the unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win their mothers' exclusive love
84
superego
the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents (the priest)
85
Electra Complex
the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mothers and win their fathers' exclusive love
86
identification
an attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else
87
social-learning theory
children notice the ways men and women behave and internalize the standards they observe
88
gender schema
a child's cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences think and behave according to what they categorize themselves as

Child Development 1 (4 decks)

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