Test 1 chapter 1-4

Question 1

Science of Human development

Answer 1

seeks to understand how and why people change over time

Question 2

Steps of the Scientific Method

Answer 2

1. curiosity
2. develop a hypothesis
3. test the hypothesis
4. draw conclusions
5. report the results

Question 3

hypothesis

Answer 3

the question your experiment will aim to answer

Question 4

Replication

Answer 4

repeating the procedures and methods of a study with different participants
how studies are verified

Question 5

Empirical Evidence

Answer 5

observations, experience or experiments tested over and over with similar results

Question 6

cross sectional research

Answer 6

a group of people of one age are compared with a similar group of people of another age
most convenient, quickest and least expensive way to study developmental changes over time
does not always indicate process of development

Question 7

longitudinal research

Answer 7

collecting data repeatedly on the same individuals
useful in studying development over many years
uncovers links that cross-sectional research does not
more time and resource intensive

Question 8

Cohort-sequential research

Answer 8

researchers study several groups of people of different ages and follow them over the years
allows disentanglement of age and historical context

Question 9

Nature

Answer 9

the influence of the genes that people inherit

Question 10

Nurture

Answer 10

the enviornmental influences

Question 11

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Answer 11

family income, parent’s education and occupation

Question 12

Ethnic group

Answer 12

ancestral heritage, national origin, religion, language

Question 13

Critical Period

Answer 13

a time when something must occur to ensure normal development or the only time when an abnormality might occur

Question 14

Sensitive Period

Answer 14

a particular development occurs more easily but not exclusively at a particular time

Question 15

plasticity

Answer 15

the idea that abilities, personality and other human characteristics can change over time

Question 16

Ecological systems approach

Answer 16

a perspective on human development that considers all the influences from the various contexts of development

Question 17

cohort

Answer 17

people born within the same historical period who therefore move through life together, experiencing the same events, new technologies and cultural shifts at the same age
(the internet on different generations)

Question 18

independent variable

Answer 18

the variable that is introduced to see the effect it has on the dependent variable

Question 19

dependent variable

Answer 19

the variable that changes as a result of the new condition

Question 20

Survey

Answer 20

a research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews, written questionnaires or some other means

Question 21

correlation

Answer 21

exits between two variables if one is more or less likely to occur when the other does
positive they both go up
negative they go in opposite directions

Question 22

qualitative research

Answer 22

asking open ended questions, reporting answers in a narrative

Question 23

quantitative research

Answer 23

test scores
numbers
data research

Question 24

code of ethics

Answer 24

a set of moral principles or guidelines that members of a profession or group are expected to follow

Question 25

difference-equals-deficit error

Answer 25

the belief that a deviation from the norm is inferior to behavior that meets the standards

Question 26

Developmental Theory

Answer 26

a systematic statement of general principles that provides a coherent framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older

Question 27

norm

Answer 27

an average or usual event or experience

Question 28

grand theories

Answer 28

comprehensive, enduring and widely applied (not universally accepted) Psychoanalytic, behaviorism and cognitive theories

Question 29

psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 29

inner drives, deep motives and unconscious needs rooted in childhood Developed by Freud and Erikson

Question 30

Psychosexual Theory

Answer 30

``` Freud irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior 1. oral stage (0-1y) 2. anal stage (1-3y) 3. Phallic stage (3-6y) 4. Latency (6-11y) 5. genital stage (adolescence) ```

Question 31

Psychosocial theory

Answer 31

Erikson 1. trust v mistrust (0-1y) 2. autonomy v. shame/doubt (1-3y) 3. Initiative v. guilt (3-6y) 4. industry v. inferiority (6-11y) 5. identity v. role confusion (adolescence) 6. intimacy v. isolation/ generativity v. stagnation/ integrity v. despair (adulthood)

Question 32

Behaviorism

Answer 32

Watson studies observable behavior, describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned. Focuses on conditioning

Question 33

Conditioning

Answer 33

the process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli

Question 34

Classical Conditioning

Answer 34

Pavlov | learning process in which a meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus

Question 35

operant conditioning

Answer 35

BF Skinner the learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or something unwanted Uses reinforcements

Question 36

Reinforcement

Answer 36

consequences that increase the frequency or strength of a particular action

Question 37

Social Learning Theory

Answer 37

Bandura An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people ave over a person's behavior Uses modeling

Question 38

Modeling

Answer 38

a person observes the actions of others and then copies them

Question 39

Cognitive Development

Answer 39

Piaget 1. sensorimotor (0-2y) 2. Preoperational (2-6y) 3. concrete operational (6-11y) 4. formal operational (12-adulthood)

Question 40

Cognitive equilibrium

Answer 40

a state of mental balance, no confusion

Question 41

assimilation

Answer 41

new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into old ideas

Question 42

Accommodation

Answer 42

old ideas are restructured to include new experiences

Question 43

Sociocultural Theory

Answer 43

Vygotsky | development results from the dynamic interaction of each person with the surrounding social and cultural forces

Question 44

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 44

a metaphorical area surrounding a learner that includes all the skills, knowledge and concepts that the person is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help

Question 45

Apprenticeship in thinking

Answer 45

how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by more skilled members of society

Question 46

guided participation

Answer 46

people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations

Question 47

humanism

Answer 47

Maslow stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture

Question 48

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 48

everyone has the same basic needs and drives | physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Question 49

Eclectic Theory

Answer 49

takes a little bit from each of the different theories | this is the one used by most professionals

Question 50

Genes

Answer 50

a small section of a chromosome | the basic unit for the transmission of heredity

Question 51

heterozygous genes

Answer 51

two genes of one pair that differ in some way

Question 52

homozygous genes

Answer 52

two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code

Question 53

DNA

Answer 53

the chemical composition of the molecules that contain the genes, which are the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins

Question 54

Chromosome

Answer 54

46 molecules of DNA that each cell has that contain all the genes arranged into 23 pairs

Question 55

Genome

Answer 55

the full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species

Question 56

Monozygotic twins

Answer 56

multiples that form from the same zygote | DNA is identical

Question 57

Dizygotic twins

Answer 57

multiples that form from two separate zygotes | DNA is about 50% identical

Question 58

Allele

Answer 58

a variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristic

Question 59

Gamete

Answer 59

a reproductive cell | egg or sperm

Question 60

zygote

Answer 60

a single cell formed by the union of two gametes

Question 61

genotype

Answer 61

an organism's entire genetic inheritance

Question 62

Phenotype

Answer 62

the observable characteristics of a person | appearance, personality, intelligence

Question 63

polygenetic

Answer 63

traits that are affected by many genes

Question 64

multifactorial

Answer 64

traits that are influenced by many factors

Question 65

epigenetics

Answer 65

the environmental factors that affect genes and gene experssion

Question 66

stem cell

Answer 66

cells from which any other specialized type of cell can form

Question 67

Additive genes

Answer 67

the phenotype reflects the contributions of every gene that is involved a combination of the inherited genes

Question 68

Dominant-recessive pattern

Answer 68

the interaction of a herozygous pair of alleles in such a way that the phenotype reflects one allele (the dominant) more than the other (the recessive)

Question 69

down syndrome

Answer 69

trisomy 21 a condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of 46 with 3 chromosomes at the 21st site Distinctive characteristics including unusual facial features, heart abnormalities and language difficulties

Question 70

X-linked trait

Answer 70

a trait or disorder carried and passed on through the X chromosome

Question 71

Assisted Reproductive Technology

Answer 71

a general term for the techniques that help infertile couples conceive and sustain a pregnancy

Question 72

In Vitro Fertiziation

Answer 72

takes place outside a woman's body involves mixing sperm with ova surgically removed from the woman's ovary if a zygote is produced it is inserted into a woman's uterus where it may implant and develop into a baby

Question 73

Genetic counseling

Answer 73

consultation and testing by trained experts that enable individuals to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions that they might pass along to any children tests are confidential and the decisions are made by the clients

Question 74

Germinal period

Answer 74

first two weeks of prenatal development after conception rapid cell division/cell differentiation 50% of miscarriages occur

Question 75

Embryonic period

Answer 75

weeks 3-8 | basic forms of all body structures develop

Question 76

fetal period

Answer 76

week 9-birth | organs become more mature and function on their own

Question 77

Implantation

Answer 77

10 days after conception | the developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus

Question 78

placenta

Answer 78

the organ that surrounds and protects the developing creature

Question 79

Cephalo-Caudal

Answer 79

pattern of development literally meaning "head to tail"

Question 80

primitive streak

Answer 80

developing neural tube which eventually becomes the central nervous system

Question 81

Age of Viability

Answer 81

the age at which a fetus might be able to survive outside the mother's uterus if specialized medical care is available

Question 82

teratogens

Answer 82

agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death effect all women differently due to the threshold effect

Question 83

threshold effect

Answer 83

when a teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level

Question 84

behavioral teratogen

Answer 84

agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning

Question 85

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Answer 85

a cluster of birth defects that may occur in the fetus of a woman who drinks alcohol while pregnant includes abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth and slowed mental development occurs early in pregnancy

Question 86

Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE)

Answer 86

occur later in pregnancy | lead to hyperactivity, poor concentration, impaired spatial reasoning and slow learnign

Question 87

Sonogram

Answer 87

an image of a fetus produced by using high frequency sound waves

Question 88

Labor

Answer 88

1st stage- cervix dilates to allow passage of the baby's head which moves to the birth canal 2nd stage- the baby moves through the birth canal and is delivered 3rd stage- the placental is delivered, usually naturally

Question 89

Cesarean Section

Answer 89

the fetus is removed through an incision in the mother's abdomen

Question 90

Apgar scale

Answer 90

a quick assessment of a newborn's health | color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone and respiratory effort scored on a scale of 0-2

Question 91

Brazelton Neonational Behavioral Assessment Scale

Answer 91

a test that measures responsiveness | records behaviors including 20 reflexes

Question 92

Reflexes

Answer 92

involuntary response to a particular stimulus | breathing, thrashing, shivering, sucking, rooting, swallowing, spitting up

Question 93

Babinski reflex

Answer 93

when feet are stroked, their toes fan upward

Question 94

stepping reflex

Answer 94

when held upright with feet touching a flat surface, infants move their legs as if to walk

Question 95

swimming reflex

Answer 95

when laid horizontally on their stomachs, infants stretch out their arms and legs

Question 96

Palmar grasping reflex

Answer 96

when something touches the infant's palms, they grip it tightly

Question 97

Moro Reflex

Answer 97

when something startles them, infants fling their arms outward and then bring them together on their chest, as if to hold onto something while crying with wide-open eyes

Question 98

Kangaroo Care

Answer 98

a type of care when the newborn lays on the naked chest of the mother or father

Question 99

Post Pardon Depression

Answer 99

experienced by 8-15% of women