Test 3: Digestive, Nutrition, Metabolism, Temperature Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
what is the passageway from the mouth to the esophagus
A
pharynx
2
Q
what is the passageway for food from the pharynx to the stomach
A
esophagus
3
Q
what are the longitudinal folds in the stomach’s mucosa
A
rugae
4
Q
what structure stores bile
A
gallbladder
5
Q
what structure makes up the superior aspect of the oral cavity
A
palate
6
Q
what are the receptors for various food taste sensations
A
taste buds
7
Q
what is the passageway from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal
A
rectum
8
Q
the duodenum, jenjunum and ileum are sections of the
A
small intestine
9
Q
bile is produced by what organ
A
the liver
10
Q
many of the enzymes that work in the small intestine were produced where
A
the pancreas
11
Q
what is the action of dipeptidase
A
digests proteins
12
Q
what does glucoamylase digest
A
digests carbohydrates/starch/sugars
13
Q
what is the action of trypsin
A
digests proteins
14
Q
what does maltase digest
A
digests carbohydrates/starch/sugars
15
Q
what does lingual lipase digest
A
digests lipids/triglycerides
16
Q
what is the action of pepsin
A
digests proteins
17
Q
what is the action of pancreatic amylase
A
digests carbohydrates/starch/sugars
18
Q
name the 3 types of extrinisic salivary glands
A
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
19
Q
where is the parotid salivary gland located
A
slightly anterior & inferior to the ear, sits on ramus
20
Q
where is the submandibular salivary gland located
A
medial surface of mandible, anterior to mandibular angle on the outer portion
21
Q
where is the sublingual salivary gland located
A
floor of the mouth just inferior to the tongue
22
Q
where does churning occur
A
stomach
23
Q
where does peristalsis occur
A
small intenstine
24
Q
where does haustral churning occur
A
large intestine
25
where does segmentation occur
small intestine
26
where does mass peristalsis occur
large intestine
27
define peristalsis
wave like contractions
28
define segmentation
oscillating, ring like contractions
29
define haustral churning
contraction of individual haustrum
30
define churning
smooth muscle contractions in the stomach that mixes bolus w/ gastric juices
31
define mass peristalsis
strong wave contraction in transverse colon that pushes contents into rectum
32
list the functions of the liver
plasma protein production, degrades hormones, detoxifies drugs & alcohol, fat soluble vitamin storage (A, D, E, K), glycogenolysis (produces glycogen), stores glycogen, phagocytosis of worn/old RBC ->produces bilirubin, synthesis of bile salts, produces bile, gluconeogenesis, forms non essential amino acids, converts ammonia to urea
33
name the 3 phases of swallowing
voluntary phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase
34
define the voluntary phase of swallowing
movement of food into the oropharynx
35
define the pharyngeal phase of swallowing
movement of food through the pharynx
36
define esophageal phase of swallowing
movement of food through esophagus into stomach
37
what is bile
green, alkaline liquid that plays a role in fat digestion
38
where is bile produced
in the liver
39
what 2 major products are carried in bile
bile salts and bilirubin
40
what chemical stimulates the release of bile
cholecystokinin (CCK)
41
put the structures of the digestive system in order
oral orifice, oral cavity, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, cardiac sphincter, cardiac region of the stomach, body of the stomach, pyloric region of the stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
42
name the 4 types of cells that make up the gastric glands
goblet cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells
43
what is the function of goblet cells in the stomach
produces acidic mucus in the stomach
44
what is the function of parietal cells
produce HCl-
45
what is the function of chief cells
produce pepsinogen
46
what is the function of enteroendocrine cells
produce gastrin
47
where is salivary amylase released from
the salivary glands
48
where does salivary amylase work
in the mouth
49
what does salivary amylase digest
carbohydrates/starch/sugars
50
where is trypsin released from
aciner cells in the pancreas
51
where does trypsin work
the small intestine
52
what does trypsin digest
what does trypsin digest
53
where is sucrase released from
brush border cells in small intestine
54
where does sucrase work
the small intestine
55
what does sucrase digest
carbs-specifically sucrose ie table sugar
56
where is lingual lipase released from
the salivary glands
57
where does lingual lipase work
in the mouth and stomach
58
what does lingual lipase digest
lipids/triglycerides
59
where is pancreatic amylase released from
aciner cells in the pancreas
60
where does pancreatic amylase work
small intestine
61
what does pancreatic amylase digest
starch/carbohydrates/sugars
62
where is pepsin released from
stomach
63
where does pepsin work
small intestine
64
what does pepsin digest
proteins
65
where is chymotrypsin released from
aciner cells in the pancreas
66
where does chymotrypsin work
the small intestines
67
what does chymotrypsin digest
proteins
68
where is pancreatic lipase released from
aciner cells in the pancreas
69
where does pancreatic lipase work
small intestine
70
what does pancreatic lipase digest
lipids/fats/triglycerides
71
where is aminopeptidase released from
brush border cells in small intestine
72
where does aminopeptidase work
small intestine
73
what does aminopeptidase digest
proteins
74
where is dipeptidase released from
brush border cells in small intestine
75
where does dipeptidase work
small intestine
76
what does dipeptidase digest
proteins
77
where is dextrinase released from
brush border cells in small intestine
78
where does dextrinase work
small intestine
79
what does dextrinase digest
carbs-specifically dextrose
80
where is maltase released from
brush border cells in small intestine
81
where does maltase work
small intestine
82
what does maltase digest
carbs-specifically maltose
83
where is HCL- released from
parietal cells in stomach
84
where does HCL work
stomach
85
what does HCL digest
proteins
86
where is lactase released from
brush border cells in small intestine
87
where does lactase work
small intestine
88
what does lactase digest
carbs-specifically lactose from dairy products
89
how are amino acids absorbed
secondary active transport w/ Na+
90
how is glucose absorbed
secondary active transport w/ Na+
91
how are fatty acids absorbed
simple diffusion after transformation into chylomicrons
92
how are chylomicrons made
bile salts and lecithin bind fatty acids & monoglycerides into micelles- micells are absorbed INTO columnar cells where triglycerides reform- triglycerides are coated with phospholipids & cholesterol=chylomicrons
93
how is fructose absorbed
facilitated diffusion
94
how is galactose absorbed
secondary active transport w/ Na+
95
what tissue type covers the mouth and esophagus
stratified squamous epithelium
96
list the 4 types of adult teeth
incisors, canines, premolars (bicuspid), molars (tricuspid)
97
how many incisors are there
8
98
how many canines are there
4
99
how many premolars (bicuspid) are there
8
100
how many molars (tricuspid) are there
12
101
what is enamel
covering for teeth above gum line
102
what is dentin
bone like substance, makes up the majority of the tooth
103
what is cementum
calcified connective tissue
104
what is the periodontal ligament
connects the tooth to jaw
105
what is the crown of a tooth
portion of tooth above gum line
106
what is the neck of a tooth
narrowed region between crown and root
107
what is the root
part of tooth embedded in jaw bone
108
define peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
109
define mumps
swollen parotid glands caused by myxovirus
110
define heartburn
failure of cardiac sphincter to close
111
define hiatal hernia
upper portion of stomach protrudes above diaphragm
112
define gastric/peptic ulcers
erosion of the stomach wall caused by helicobacter bacteria
113
define enteritis
inflammation of the intestine
114
define hepatitis
inflammation of the liver as result of viral infection
115
define gallstones
concentrated cholesterol derivatives in bile
116
define jaundice
bilirubin in the skin cause by liver blockage or disease, results in yellow skin color
117
what tissue type lines the digestive tract below the esophagus
simple columnar epithelium
118
what structure carries bile to & from the gallbladder
cystic ducts
119
cystic ducts merge with the common hepatic duct to form what
common bile duct
120
what structure divides the liver into 2 lobes
falciform ligament
121
name the duct that lies at the head of the pancreas
accessory pancreatic duct
122
what other duct does the accessory pancreatic duct merge with
the main pancreatic duct
123
the main pancreatic duct merges with what before emptying into the duodenum
the bile duct
124
how many ATP (net) are produced during the glycolysis step of cellular respiration
2
125
how many CO2 are produced during the glycolysis step of cellular respiration
0
126
how many NADH are produced during the glycolysis step of cellular respiration
2
127
how many FADH2 are produced during the glycolysis step of cellular respiration
0
128
how many ATP (net) are present in the Pre-Krebs (per pyruvate) step of cellular respiration
0
129
how many CO2 are present in the Pre-Krebs (per pyruvate) step of cellular respiration
1
130
how many NADH are present in the Pre-Krebs (per pyruvate) step of cellular respiration
1
131
how many ATP are present in the Pre-Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
0
132
how many CO2 are present in the Pre-Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
2
133
how many NADH are present in the Pre-Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
2
134
how many FADH2 are present in the Pre-Krebs (per pyruvate) step of cellular respiration
0
135
how many FADH2 are present in the Pre-Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
2
136
how many ATP (net) are present in the Krebs (per cycle) step of cellular respiration
1
137
how many CO2 are present in the Krebs (per cycle) step of cellular respiration
2
138
how many NADH are present in the Krebs (per cycle) step of cellular respiration
3
139
how many FADH2 are present in the Krebs (per cycle) step of cellular respiration
1
140
how many ATP (net) are present in the Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
2
141
how many CO2 are present in the Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
4
142
how many NADH are present in the Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
6
143
how many FADH2 are present in the Krebs (total) step of cellular respiration
2
144
how many ATP (net) are produced during the ETC step of cellular respiration
28
145
what is the total amount of ATP produced during cellular respiration
32 ATP
146
what is the total amount of CO2 produced during cellular respiration
6
147
what is the total amount of NADH produced during cellular respiration
10
148
what is the total amount of FADH2 produced during cellular respiration
2
149
what are the functions of orexins
appetite enhancers
150
what is the function of neuropeptide Y
increases cravings for carbs
151
what is the function of galanin
increases cravings for fats
152
what are the functions of serotonin
promotes feeling of fullness and satisfaction
153
what is the function of leptin
inhibits hunger and increases metabolism
154
list the fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
155
what are the functions of vitamin A
antioxidant, required for normal skin & mucus structure + normal bone development
156
what is the function of vitamin D
increases blood CA++ levels
157
what are the functions of vitamin E
antioxidant that prevents oxidation of fatty acids, prevents damage to cell membranes by free radicals
158
what is the function of vitamin K
essential in clotting protein formation
159
is copper (Cu) classified as a major or trace mineral
trace
160
is calcium (Ca) classified as a major or trace mineral
major
161
is iodine (I) classified as a major or trace mineral
trace
162
is potassium (K) classified as a major or trace mineral
major
163
is phosphorus (P) classified as a major or trace mineral
major
164
is chloride (Cl) classified as a major or trace mineral
major
165
is iron (Fe) classified as a major or trace mineral
trace
166
is magnesium (Mg) classifed as a major or trace mineral
major
167
is sodium (Na) classified as a major or trace mineral
major
168
is manganese (Mn) classified as a major or trace mineral
trace
169
is zinc (Zn) classifed as a major or trace mineral
trace
170
is sulfur (S) classified as a major or trace mineral
major
171
which vitamin is FAD derived from
B2-riboflavin
172
which vitamin is NAD derived from
B3-niacin
173
how many electrons can NAD carry
1
174
how many electrons can FAD carry
2
175
which part of the brain controls both hunger and body temperature
hypothalamus
176
define convection
transfer of heat energy by air currents
177
define radiation
transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object in the form of "heat waves"
178
define conduction
transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object via direct contact
179
define evaporation
heat is absorbed by water molecules, become so energized they escape as water vapor taking heat with it
180
does convection function in heat loss or gain
heat loss & gain
181
does radiation function in heat loss or gain
heat loss & gain
182
does conduction function in heat loss or gain
heat loss/gain
183
does evaporation function in heat loss or gain
heat loss
184
does shivering function in heat loss or gain
heat gain
185
what are the 4 heat promoting mechanisms in the body
vasoconstriction, increase in metabolic rate, shivering, behavioral modifications/conscious actions
186
what is the starting chemical for glycolysis
glucose
187
what is the starting chemical for Pre-Krebs
pyruvic acid
188
what is the end product of glycolysis
pyruvic acid
189
what is the end product of Pre-Krebs
Acetyl CoA
190
what molecule enters into the Krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA
191
what chemical does Acetyl CoA bind with in the Krebs cycle
oxaloacetic acid
192
what chemical does Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic acid combine to make
citric acid
193
where does glycolysis occur
in the cytoplasm
194
where does the Krebs cycle occur
in the matrix of mitochondria
195
NADH stores enough energy to create how many ATP
2.5 molecules
196
FADH2 stores enough energy to create how many ATP
1.5 molecules
197
where does glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis occur
in the liver
198
what is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration
oxygen
