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Ap Psychology > Test 3: Hearing > Flashcards

Test 3: Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing

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2
Q

Sound Location

A

the ability to identify the location of a sound source in a sound field

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3
Q

Pitch

A

a tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

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4
Q

Frequency

A

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

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5
Q

Pinna

A

the visible portion of the outer ear. It collects sound waves and channels them into the ear canal where the sound is amplified

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6
Q

eardrum

A

tight membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves

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7
Q

cochlea

A

coild body, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

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8
Q

auditory nerve

A

nerve which sends the auditory message to the brain via the thalamus

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9
Q

basilar membrane

A

when vibrating in responder to sound, the hair cells lining the cochlea produce an electrical signal

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10
Q

cochlear implant

A

a device for converting sounds into electrical signal and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

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11
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves

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12
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

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13
Q

place theory

A

the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

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14
Q

frequency theory

A

the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory never matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

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15
Q

Gate-control theory

A

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in large fibers or by information coming from the brain.

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16
Q

vestibular sense

A

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

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17
Q

kinesthesia

A

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.

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18
Q

sensory interaction

A

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

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19
Q

embodied cognition

A

in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.

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20
Q

Pupil

A

adjustable opening that controls the amount of light to pass through

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21
Q

iris

A

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls size of the pupil opening

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22
Q

lens

A

focuses incoming light rays into an image on the retina

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23
Q

retina

A

tissue on the eyeball’s sensitive inner surface, contains receptor rods and cones

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24
Q

fovea

A

central focal points in the retina around which the eye’s cones cluster

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25
Q

rods

A

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight visions, when cones don’t respond

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26
Q

cones

A

retinal receptors that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

27
Q

blind spot

A

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there

28
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

29
Q

parallel processing

A

the brain’s ability to do many things at once rather than step by step.
- to analyze a visual scene the brain divides it into subdimensions - motion, form, depth, color - and works on each aspect simultaneously.

30
Q

optic nerve

A

carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

31
Q

opponent process theory

A

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.

32
Q

subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

32
Q

difference thresholds

A

the minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli half the time. Also known as the just noticeable difference

32
Q

signal detection theory

A

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation (like background noise)

32
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response.

33
Q

weber’s law

A

the principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must be offered by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

34
Q

absolute thresholds

A

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus (light, sound, pressure, taste, or order) 50% of the time.

35
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells into neural impulses our brain can interpret.

36
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

37
Q

sensations

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

38
Q

perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

39
Q

bottom-up processing

A

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

40
Q

top-down processing

A

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

41
Q

selective attention

A

the focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

42
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

43
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment

44
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

45
Q

perceptual set

A

a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that greatly affect what we perceive. This can influence what we hear, taste, feel, smell, and see

46
Q

phi phenomenon

A

the apparent motion of two stimuli that are presented to a view in rapid succession (an optical illusion that leads the brain to see a moving object from a series of images.)

47
Q

accommodation

A

process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

48
Q

Young-helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory

A

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors - one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue - which when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

49
Q

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

the faculty of perceiving things by means other than the known senses, e.g., by telepathy or clairvoyance.

50
Q

parapsychology

A

the study of mental phenomena which are excluded from or inexplicable by orthodox scientific psychology (such as hypnosis, telepathy, etc.).

51
Q

wavelength

A

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.

52
Q

hue

A

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light, what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth

53
Q

intensity

A

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude.

54
Q

Gestalt

A

an organized whole - gestalt psychologist emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.(figure ground, grouping)

55
Q

figure-ground

A

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

56
Q

grouping

A

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

57
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimension; allows us to judge distance

58
Q

visual cliff

A

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals (babies on the glass above the checkered floor)

59
Q

binocular cues

A

depths cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes (fingers floating image)

60
Q

retinal disparity

A

a binocular cue for perceiving depth, by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

61
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

Ap Psychology (9 decks)

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