Test 3 (Lectures 9-12) Pt. 1

Question 1

Why are volcanic areas a good area to live in?

Answer 1

They make really fertile soil, which in turn produces good crops

Question 2

What 4 primary settings do volcanic activity occur in?

Answer 2

• Isolated hot spots/mantle plumes
• Volcanic arcs bordering deep ocean trenches
• Mid-ocean ridges (divergent plate boundaries)
• Continental rifts (divergent plate boundaries)

Question 3

Where are volcanoes mainly located in Earth?

Answer 3

They are mainly found in:
- Plate boundaries (more specifically the Pacific Ocean boundary)
- Subduction zones

Question 4

What is the name of the region where volcanoes are mainly found in?

Answer 4

Ring of Fire

Question 5

When mantle plumes break out in the surface they create…?

Answer 5

Large Igneous Provinces

Question 6

Hot spots are always…

Answer 6

Stationary

Question 7

What type of lava flows out more easily?

Answer 7

Mafic

Question 8

Which volcano would have mafic lava that flows easily and spreads out?

Answer 8

Shield volcanoes

Question 9

Which volcano has felsic lavas?

Answer 9

Stratovolcanoes made up of rhyolite

Question 10

Shield volcanoes are made up of…?

Answer 10

Basalt

Question 11

What type of rock releases more gas?

Answer 11

Mafic

Question 12

Stratovolcanoes are more ____-rich?

Answer 12

Felsic

Question 13

Shield volcanoes are more ___-rich?

Answer 13

Mafic

Question 14

How is a caldera formed?

Answer 14

When the magma chamber collapses forming a gigantic volcanic depression

Question 15

Lava domes are referred to as…

Answer 15

Resurgent domes

Question 16

Smaller volcanoes are referred to as…

Answer 16

Cinder cones/scoria cones

Question 17

Falling ash is referred to as..

Answer 17

Tephra

Question 18

What are pyroclastic flows?

Answer 18

Superheated clouds of gas, ash, and debris

Question 19

Lahars is a combination of …

Answer 19

Mud, ash, water, etc

Question 20

Earthquakes tend to occur more in a ____ zone

Answer 20

Fault

Question 21

Most earthquakes are caused by…

Answer 21

Tectonic plates interacting with each other in a fault zone

Question 22

We know the layers of the Earth through….

Answer 22

Seismic activity

Question 23

What are faults?

Answer 23

Displacements of the ground

Question 24

What is an epicenter?

Answer 24

Point of the surface where the earthquake occurred

Question 25

What is the focus/hypocenter?

Answer 25

Area where the earthquake occurred underground

Question 26

What are the two main groups of seismic waves?

Answer 26

- Body waves - Surface waves

Question 27

What type of waves are faster? Body or surface waves?

Answer 27

Body waves

Question 28

What type of waves are considered more destructive? Body or surface waves?

Answer 28

Surface waves

Question 29

What are the two different types of body waves?

Answer 29

- Primary (P) waves - Secondary/Shear (S) waves

Question 30

What is the flow of motion for P-waves?

Answer 30

They move by compressing and expanding back and forth

Question 31

What states of matter can P-waves flow through?

Answer 31

Solids, liquids, and gases

Question 32

What is the flow of motion for S-waves?

Answer 32

They travel by moving materials up and down like a rollercoaster

Question 33

What states of matter can S-waves travel through?

Answer 33

They can travel through solids but never liquids and gases

Question 34

What are the two different surface waves?

Answer 34

- Love (L) waves - Raleigh (R) waves

Question 35

Which wave comes first? Love or Raleigh?

Answer 35

Love waves

Question 36

What is the flow of motion for Love waves?

Answer 36

They move side to side like a slithering snake

Question 37

What is the flow of motion for Raleigh waves?

Answer 37

They have a rotating motion

Question 38

What type of waves are more destructive?

Answer 38

Surface waves

Question 39

What instrument do we use to measure Earthquakes?

Answer 39

Seismometer

Question 40

What does a seismometer do?

Answer 40

It records ground motion and it measures wave arrivals and then the magnitude of each motion

Question 41

How many stations are needed to pinpoint the epicenter?

Answer 41

3 or more stations

Question 42

Earthquake size is described by two different measurements, what are they?

Answer 42

- Intensity - The severity of the damage - Magnitude - The amount of energy released by the earthquake

Question 43

What does the Mercalli intensity scale measure?

Answer 43

- It measures the amount of shaking damage. They have Roman numerals to measure the damage. The scale is subjective because it’s based on opinions.

Question 44

What do shaking and damage of an earthquake depend on?

Answer 44

- The magnitude of the earthquake - Distance of the focus - Nature of subsurface material - Bedrock has less damage - Sediments have more amplified damage

Question 45

Can we predict earthquakes?

Answer 45

Both yes and no. For yes, they can be predicted in the long term. For no, they can’t be predicted for the short term.

Question 46

What human activities can cause Earthquakes?

Answer 46

Deep Waste Disposal Nuclear/ Bomb Explosions

Question 47

What kind of fault is the San Andreas fault?

Answer 47

A strike-slip fault with a right lateral