test 3 - Memory

Question 1

whats memory

Answer 1

the learning that has persisted over time through encoding (getting info into memory), storage (maintaining info in memory), & retrieval (getting info out of the memory)

Question 2

insight

Answer 2

the sudden understanding of how to solve a problem as a result of reorganizing the problem

Question 3

how do we measure memory?

Answer 3

recall, recognition, relearning

Question 4

who made the 3-stage model of memory (1968)

Answer 4

Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin

Question 5

what does sensory memory do

Answer 5

preserves memory in its original form for a short time

Question 6

where does info enter for sensory memory

Answer 6

enters via our sensory organs

Question 7

How long does iconic memory (visual S) last?

Answer 7

a fraction of a second

Question 8

How long does echoic memory (auditory S) last?

Answer 8

3-4 seconds

Question 9

whats needed for info to be encoded in STM? what happens when it’s not?

Answer 9

attention. Info not attended to decays and won’t be recalled

Question 10

what is short-term memory (STM) sometimes called?

Answer 10

working memory

Question 11

how long can unreheased info be held on short-term memory?

Answer 11

20 seconds

Question 12

whats the limit on the short term memory capacity

Answer 12

holds 5-9 items at a time

Question 13

how long can short-term memory hold unrehearsed info

Answer 13

20 seconds

Question 14

what can cause Information loss

Answer 14

decay or displacement

Question 15

what is required to maintain info in STM

Answer 15

rehearsal

Question 16

chunk

Answer 16

meaningful piece of information

Question 17

Strategies used when memorizing a list (for ex)

Answer 17

Hierarchy, Repetition, imagery

Question 18

what are the 2 diff kinds of rehearsals’

Answer 18

maintenance & elaborative rehearsal

Question 19

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 19

• repeating the words over and over again
• helps maintain and keep the info alive in short-term memory (STM)
• keeps it circulating in the STM
• but when you have too much info in STM itll get kicked out (displacement)

Question 20

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 20

• better strategy
• not repeating over and over
• trying to relate the info ur trying to remember to something you already have stored in ur long term memory (LTM)
• creating association

Question 21

Mnemonics

Answer 21

memory aids (the knuckle trick for remembering how many days are in a month)

Question 22

Are high or low-imagery words easier to remember

Answer 22

low imagery

Question 23

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Answer 23

• unlimited capacity
• info stored indefinitely maybe even permanently

Question 24

Flashbulb memory

Answer 24

memories of great detail surrounding memorable or traumatic events

Question 25

Age regression through hypnosis

Answer 25

if you hypnotize someone and convince them that this memory is real and allows them to gain that memory back

Question 26

Electric stimulation of the brain (penfield)

Answer 26

during surgery their skull is open and the brain is being worked on to remember certain stuff

Question 27

How to improve LTM

Answer 27

1. use elaborative rehearsal 2. use “distributed” rather than “massed” practice - Ex of massed practice: cramming when studying - distributing practice ex: spreading out what you have to study and give yourself enough time 3. repeatedly test yourself (testing effect) 4. make the info personally meaningful (self referent effect)

Question 28

Levels (depth) of processing

Answer 28

levels 1 - process info strictly based of its appearance 2 - sound 3 - meaning (most effective)

Question 29

Procedural memory (storage in LTM)

Answer 29

memory for how to do things (actions & skills)

Question 30

Declarative memory (storage in LTM)

Answer 30

memory for facts (explicit memories, very deliberate & effortful)

Question 31

Semantic memory (storage in LTM)

Answer 31

general knowledge

Question 32

Episodic memory (storage in LTM)

Answer 32

tied to a given event, things that we've personally experienced

Question 33

implicit memory (storage in LTM)

Answer 33

(automatic, unconscious)

Question 34

why are we unable to recall info in LTM

Answer 34

Context-dependent memory (encoding specificity principle - not being able to remember because the cues used for retrieval are different from those used at encoding - using an inappropriate search strategy State-dependent memory - physical/mental state at encoding & retrieval

Question 35

during recall/retrieval what the percent of words recalled when places match

Answer 35

when the places matched they recalled 40% more

Question 36

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 36

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ur good or bad mood

Question 37

what are the 2 types of interference:

Answer 37

- Retroactive interference (backward-acting) - Proactive interference (forward acting)

Question 38

Retroactive interference (backward-acting)

Answer 38

new or recently acquired info interferes with the recall of previously learned material

Question 39

Proactive interference (forward acting)

Answer 39

older info interferes with ability to recall of newer info

Question 40

Serial-position effect

Answer 40

the last few words (recency effect) & the first few words (primacy effect) are better recalled than words in the middle of the list

Question 41

Distortion

Answer 41

produce changes or inaccuracies

Question 42

Construction

Answer 42

we add to info stored in memory. Not only do we encode the info that we saw but we also encode the implications ex: you see a girl wearing a bathing suit and towel and she goes missing ur asked if you know anything and you say she was going to the community pool

Question 43

Types of memory construction errors

Answer 43

1. Imagination effect 2. Source amnesia 3.Déjà Vu 4.Misinformation effect

Question 44

Imagination effect

Answer 44

- repeatedly imagine something that happened then remember it as real

Question 45

Source amnesia

Answer 45

- incorrectly recall the source of ur info

Question 46

Déjà Vu

Answer 46

- you feel as though you had that experience before

Question 47

Misinformation effect

Answer 47

- incorporating misleading or wrong info into ones memory of an event