test 3 - Thinking & Language

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

mental processes such as thinking, remembering, predicting, developing concepts

Question 2

Concepts

Answer 2

a grouping of things that have some underlying similarities (category of related things)

Ex: animals, transportation, fruits, vegatables

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

• an ideal model or best example of a concept
  • whats ur prototype of a bird? (best example of the concept)
    - blue jay
    - eagle
    - seagull, etc.

Question 4

Problem-solving strategies

Answer 4

1. Trial & error
2. Insight
3. Algorithm
4. Heuristic

Question 5

Insight

Answer 5

the sudden realization of the solution (the “ah -ha phenomenon”)

Question 6

Algorithm

Answer 6

a step by step method that guarantees a solution (can be time consuming)

Question 7

Heuristic

Answer 7

uses a “short-cut” to solve the problem but there is no guarantee of a solution

Question 8

Obstacles to problem-solving

Answer 8

1. Confirmation bias
2. Fixation
3. Functional fixedness

Question 9

Confirmation bias

Answer 9

we “see” only info that supports our preconceptions & ignore info that contradicts it

Question 10

Fixation

Answer 10

we become “hung up” on the wrong solution & are blind to alternatives (place unnecessary restrictions on our thinking)

Question 11

Functional fixedness

Answer 11

an example of restricted thinking (not being able to thing outside the box) where we fail to see that an objects can have different functions or can be used in a different way

• Ex: we don’t see that a dime can be used as a screwdriver

Question 12

Factors that influence judgements/decisions

Answer 12

1. Availability heuristic
2. Overconfidence
3. Belief perseverance
4. Framing

Question 13

Availability heuristic

Answer 13

• we assume that events are more common than they really are if they easily come to mind or if they are vivid or memorable
• Ex: casinos signal wins with bells to make em more memorable

Question 14

Overconfidence

Answer 14

• we overestimate the accuracy of our judgements & knowledge

Question 15

Belief perseverance

Answer 15

• you steadily adhere to your belief even in the face of contradictory evidence

Question 16

Framing

Answer 16

• how we present an issue, do we frame it in a more positive or negative light
• Ex: Which would make you more likely to think that studying is important:
  “If you don’t study, 80% of the class will pass.”
  “If you don’t study, 20% of the class will fail.” **

Question 17

3 components to language:

Answer 17

1. Phonemes
2. Morphemes

3.Grammer

Question 18

Phonemes

Answer 18

• smallest distinctive unit of sound
• english has 40 phonemes
• Ex: “ch”, “th” “m”; “a” has a different phoneme in “father”, “take” & “call”

Question 19

Morphemes

Answer 19

• combines 2 or more phonemes

The word readers, for example, contains three morphemes: “read,” “er” (signaling that we mean “one who reads”), and “s” (signaling that we mean not one, but multiple readers).

Question 20

Grammer

Answer 20

rules that allow us to communicate

Question 21

Semantics

Answer 21

• rules that help us derive the meaning of sounds
• Ex: 2 meanings for the word “top”

Question 21

Syntax

Answer 21

rules for how to order words in a sentence

Question 22

Milestones in language development

Answer 22

1. Receptive language (about 4 months)
2. Productive language (able to produce words)
3. One word stage (1-2 yrs old)
4. Two word stage (18 months)

Question 23

Receptive language (about 4 months)

Answer 23

• ability to understand what is being said to them
• can distinguish speech sounds & read lips
• about 7 months they can distinguish what separate words are

Question 24

Productive language (able to produce words)

Answer 24

- roughly 6 months - until 4 - 6 months vocalizations are mostly crying, cooing & laughter - afterwards they enter the babbling stage (mostly consonant/vowel pairs; ex. p “dada” “mama”) - babbling consists of sounds from various languages (not an imitation of adult speech) - babbling eventually resembles sounds in household language - eventually we lose ability to hear/produce sounds outside of our language

Question 25

One word stage (1-2 yrs old)

Answer 25

first words are usually nouns

Question 26

Two word stage (18 months)

Answer 26

- consists of verb & noun in correct order - Ex: “want hat” , “cat sleep”

Question 27

What comes first - language or thinking

Answer 27

language does influence our thinking but thinking must influence language or there would never be new words

Question 28

Linguistic determinism

Answer 28

language determines how we think - Ex: only one word for “snow” in English but the Inuit have many words so they perceive snow differently - however, we CAN have wordless thoughts - Ex: when you see rain & walk back inside to get an umbrella, you don’t “need words”