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Test 3 P2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some main characteristics of fungi?

A

Heterotrophic, domain Eukarya, cells walls made of chitin, act as decomposers or saprobes

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2
Q

What does it mean if something is heterotrophic?

A

does not photosynthesize & cannot produce own food

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3
Q

What are saprobes?

A

organisms that get nutrients from decaying organic matter using exoenzymes

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4
Q

What are the 2 stages of fungal function?

A

Vegetative & reproductive

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5
Q

Are fungi multi or unicellular?

A

Some uni (yeasts) while most are multi. Dimorphic fungi switch back & forth b/w being uni & multi.

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6
Q

What is fungi cell structure?

A

Cell wall made of chitin & glucans (both polysaccharides) which provide structural support & prevent water loss

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7
Q

Multicellular fungi are made of what?

A

Hyphae - branching filaments that make up the mycelium or vegetative growth of a fungus

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8
Q

Reproductive sac that contains spores is called?

A

Sporangium

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9
Q

Which carbohydrate is usually found in fungal cell walls?

A

Chitin

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10
Q

The bulk of basidiomycetes (mushrooms) are found where?

A

underground

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11
Q

What fungi classification has chitin & cellulose in its cell walls?

A

Chytridiomycota

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12
Q

Which phylum is associated w/ the mutualistic relationship b/w plant roots?

A

Glomeromycota

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13
Q

Fusion of cytoplasm w/o fusion of nuclei is called?

A

plasmogamy

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14
Q

Ascomycetes are characterized by how many ascospores?

A

8

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15
Q

The wall dividing cells in a fungal filament is called…

A

Septum

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16
Q

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) are ____

A

Pseudocoelomates

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17
Q

What is a defining characteristic of Planaria (a species found in phylum Platyhelminthes).

A

hermaphroditic (has both male & female reproductive system) AND has one opening that serves as both the mouth & the anus

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18
Q

Platyhelminthes exhibit what type of body plan?

A

Acoelomate

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19
Q

Spiders are found in the subphylum ____

A

Chelicerata

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20
Q

The worm that causes trichinosis after consuming undercooked pork is a _____

A

roundworm

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21
Q

The phylum with the most known species is ____

A

Arthropoda

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22
Q

What environment is best for fungus?

A

Moist & slightly acidic environments. Most are obligate aerobes while some are obligate anaerobes

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23
Q

What is the difference between aerobes & anaerobes?

A

Aerobes: require oxygen to survive
Anaerobes: oxygen will kill them

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24
Q

How does fungi reproduce?

A

Some reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation, or producing asexual spores. Some can reproduce sexually (2 kinds)

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25
What are the 2 kinds of sexual reproduction in fungi?
1. Plasmogamy - 2 haploid cells fuse, producing a dikaryotic cell where 2 haploid nuclei coexist in a single cell. 2. Karyogamy - nuclei from 2 cells fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus.
26
What are the 5 fungal classifications?
1. Ascomycota (sac fungi) 2. Basidiomycota (club fungi) 3. Chytridiomycota (chytrids) 4. Glomeromycota 5. Zygomycota (conjugated fungi)
27
What are Ascomycota (sac fungi)?
Has sac-like structure called ascus that contains haploid ascospores. 8 ascospores in each ascus & fruiting body called ascocarp. Undergoes sexual & asexual reproduction
28
What are Basidiomycota (club fungi)?
Fruiting body called basidiocarp. Each basidium produces 4 haploid basidiospores. Undergoes sexual reproduction
29
What are Chytridiomycota (chytrids)?
Simplest fungi. Have both cellulose & chitin in cell walls. Tend to live in aquatic environments & only fungi to still have a flagellum
30
What are Glomeromycota?
Most found in mutualistic relationships with roots of trees. Do NOT reproduce asexually & do not survive w/o plant roots
31
What are Zygomycota (conjugated fungi?
Only one zygospore is produced in each sporangium, undergoes both sexual & asexual reprod.
32
Fungi have developed many mutualistic relationships with what other kingdoms?
Plants - mycorrhizae Protists/bacteria - lichens Animals - ants, farm, fungi
33
What are the unifying characteristics of animals?
Heterotrophic, multicellular, complex tissue structure & typical life cycle is diplontic (somatic diploid cells, haploid gamete cells)
34
What are the 4 types of animal tissues?
Epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous
35
How do animals reproduce?
Most undergo sexual reproduction & some asexual through budding or fragmentation
36
What is parthenogenesis in animal reproduction?
"Virgin beginning" which is where an animal can develop from a gamete w/o fertilization. Ex. male bees come from unfertilized eggs
37
What are the developmental steps in animal reproduction?
Zygote --> Blastula --> Gastrula Zygotes (fertilized eggs) develop through a series of stages to form germ layers. Blastopore can either become the anus or mouth
38
What is the Homebox in animal reproduction?
(Hox) genes that are DNA sequences that are "master control genes" which make genes that determine animal structure. Similar across many different animal phyla; control body structure . - All vertebrates have 4+ sets of Hox genes, white invertebrates only have 1 set. - Master control genes control transcription factors for expression of sets of other genes.
39
What are the main ways to classify animals?
Symmetry & embryological development.
40
Describe the basics of embryological development
- Germ layers form during gastrulation, giving rise to different parts of the body. Endoderm-lining of digestive tract Mesoderm-bones, muscles, organs Ectoderm-skin, nerves Animals w/ 2 layers are diploblasts Animals w/ 3 layers are triploblasts
41
Animals with 3 layers that are triploblasts have what sub-categories & they are based on what?
Sub-categories are based on if they have a coelum or not. - Acoelomate (does not have body cavity) - Eucoelomate or Coelomate (true body cavity surrounded by mesoderm) - Pseudocoelomate (body cavity b/w endoderm & mesoderm
42
Triploblastic coelomates can be further divided into groups based on where the mouth develops from, what are 2 ways to occur?
1. if blastopore (1st opening formed during gastrulation) develops into mouth, these animals are known as protostomes. 2. If the blastopore develops into the anus, these animals are known as deuterostomes.
43
What is the Ediacaran Period?
635-543 mya evolved from protists. Fossil impressions look like feathers/coins. Recent findings may show animal life developed earlier in Cryogenian period (650 mya)
44
What does the hypothesis about the cause of the Cambrian Explosion say?
Rising oxygen levels, increases in ocean Calcium, ecological relationships b/s species/changes to food webs, genetic/developmental advances (Hox control gene)
45
What are the 3 different areas that formed after Cambrian explosion?
Paleozoic Era - encouraged adaptations to land Mesozoic Era - dinosaurs Cenozoic Era - rise of mammals & flowering plants
46
What are deuterostomes?
Anus develops first
47
What marine species is largest?
molluscum
48
What are the main points of Phylum Chordata? (vertebrates)
dorsal hollow nerve-cord, post-anal tail, notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, endosytle/thyroid gland
49
What are the 3 subphylums of phylum Chordata?
Cephalochordata, Urochordata or Tunicata, Vertebrata or Craniata
50
What are characteristics of subphylum Cephalochordata (phylum chordata)?
Have all 5 characteristics of chordates - small filter feeders found in warm marine environments like sand
51
What are characteristics of subphylum Urochordata/Tunicata (phylum chordata)?
Have all 5 characteristics at some point in their life. Suspension feeders, can be solitary or colonial in form
52
What are characteristics of subphylum Vertebrata/Craniata (phylum chordata)?
Have all 5 characteristics, largest group of this phylum. grouped by anatomical & physiological traits
53
Fish are in what phylum and subphylum?
phylum: chordata subphylym: vertebrata
54
What are some characteristics about fish?
Earliest vertebrates with jawless fish (agnatha) & later jawed fish (gnathostomes). Have distinct cranium & well developed sense organs
55
What are the 2 superclasses of fish?
Agnatha and Gnathostomes
56
What are characteristics of superclass Agnatha (under fish in phylum chordata/subphylum vertebrata?
Jawless fish - hagfish and lampreys lack jaws & paired lateral fins
57
What are the 2 classes under superclass Agnatha?
Class myxini & petromyzontida
58
What are characteristics of class myxini (superclass agnatha under fish)
hagfish - slime glands, cartilaginous skull & skeleton
59
What are characteristics of class petromyzontida (superclass agnatha under fish)?
lamprey - lack appendages, 1 or 2 dorsal fins. parasitic to other fish
60
What are characteristics of superclass Gnathostomes (under fish in phylum chordata/subphylum vertebrata?
Jawed fish. True jaws, paired fins.
61
What are the 2 classes under superclass Gnathostomes?
Chondrichthyes & Osteichthyes
62
What are characteristics of class Chondrichthyes (superclass Gnathostomes under fish)?
sharks, rays, chimeras. sharks reproduce sexually, large liver for buoyancy
63
What are characteristics of class Osteichthyes (superclass Gnathostomes under fish)?
Bony fish - ossified skeleton & osmoregulation
64
What are the 2 subclasses under class Osteichthyes?
Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii
65
Characteristics of subclass Actinopterygii (class Osteichthyes in superclass Gnathostomes in fish)
ray finned fish like bass, trout. slender bones that support fins
66
Characteristics of subclass Sarcopterygii (class Osteichthyes in superclass Gnathostomes in fish)
lobe-finned fish, supported by bones like limbs of early tetrapods
67

Biology (6 decks)

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