Test 3: Part 3

Question 1

What is transduction?

Answer 1

Transfer of DNA from cell to cell from a bacteriophage.

Question 2

What are the two ways bacteriophages can interact with cells?

Answer 2

1) Lytic: overtakes, assembly of new phages, cell lyses to expel new phages
2) Lysogenic: DNA integrates into host, hangs out, becomes lytic, RESULTS IN NEW BACTERIAL STRAIN

Question 3

What are the 2 types of transduction?

Answer 3

1) Generalized: Phages accidentally package only bacterial chromosomal DNA not viral DNA in capsid. Injects bacterial chromo into host.
2) Specialized: Packages viral and bacterial DNA.

Question 4

What is generalized transduction?

Answer 4

Phages accidentally package only bacterial chromosomal DNA not viral DNA in capsid. Injects bacterial chromo into host.

Question 5

What is specialized transduction?

Answer 5

Packages viral and bacterial DNA.

Question 6

What is biotechnology?

Answer 6

The use of biological techniques to solve practical problems and produce more useful products.

Question 7

What was the beginning of the era of recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 7

The discovery of restriction endonucleases in bacteria.

Question 8

What are all the cells of e.Coli called?

Answer 8

DNA library

Question 9

How is insulin mass produced?

Answer 9

In e.Coli cells. (as well as HGH, interferon, factor VIII)

Question 10

What is a subunit vaccine?

Answer 10

Composed of a purified antigenic determinant that is separated from the disease causing organism.

Question 11

What is replacement therapy?

Answer 11

Substituting less virulent microbes for virulent strains.

Question 12

What is iatrogenic infection?

Answer 12

“Brought forth by the healer”, refers to illness caused by or resulting from medical treatment (chiropractor breaking a rib).

Question 13

What is a nosocomial infection?

Answer 13

Result of treatment in a hospital or hospital like setting but SECONDARY to the patient’s original condition. (Specific for infections)

Question 14

What are the sources of iatrogenic/nosocromial infections?

Answer 14

1) Direct contact by touching
2) Contaminated fomites (instruments or surfaces)
3) Contaminated fluids
4) Airborne transmission

Question 15

What are ways of preventing and controlling iatrogenic/nosocromial infections?

Answer 15

Disinfecting and treatment with antiseptics, hand-washing, monitoring patient population.

Question 16

Sterilization

Answer 16

Absence of all life

Question 17

Disinfection

Answer 17

Killing/Removing pathogens

Question 18

Antiseptic

Answer 18

Disinfectant applied to tissue

Question 19

Bactericide

Answer 19

Substance that kills/removes only bacteria

Question 20

Sepsis

Answer 20

Severe infection leading to a systemic immune response.

Question 21

Asepsis

Answer 21

Using Aseptic technique

Question 22

Microbiostasis

Answer 22

Inhibition of microbe growth

Question 23

Spectrum

Answer 23

Range of activity against microbes

Question 24

Activity

Answer 24

Drugs tested to determine the lowest concentration that inhibits microbe (mic-minimum inhibitory concentration)

Question 25

Combination Therapy

Answer 25

Use of more than one antibiotic to increase spectrum or killing effect

Question 26

Synergism

Answer 26

Increased killing effect by using multiple antibiotics

Question 27

Antagonism

Answer 27

One antibiotic interferes with another

Question 28

What are 3 methods of sterilization?

Answer 28

1) Moist heat: Steam, boiling water 2) Autoclave: Steam with pressure 3) Dry heat: Flame, oven

Question 29

What are the antibiotics that are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis?

Answer 29

* Penicillin and derivatives * Cephalosporins * Bacitracin * Vancomycin * Isoniazid

Question 30

How do antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?

Answer 30

Prevents cross-linking of peptidoglycan by binding to enzyme receptor sites.

Question 31

What is bacitracin toxic to?

Answer 31

Kidneys (only use topically)

Question 32

How was vancomycin initially used and what is it primarily used to treat?

Answer 32

Initially: Staphylococcus aureus. | Primary use: Systemic infections

Question 33

What does isoniazid inhibit the synthesis of?

Answer 33

Mycolic acids in cell walls of mycobacteria (active against mycobacteria only)

Question 34

What are the antibiotic inhibitors of cell membrane?

Answer 34

*Polymyxin B & E

Question 35

What does Polymyxin B & E do?

Answer 35

Replace magnesium and calcium from membrane lipids disrupting the structure of the bacterial cell membrane.

Question 36

What antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 36

* Streptomycin: used with penicillin related antibiotics in streptococcal infections for their synergistic effects. * Tetracycline: Bacteriostatic. Stains teeth. * Chloramphenicol: Bacteriostatic. Can cause aplastic anemia. * Erythromycin: Bacteriostatic. Used if allergic to penicillin.

Question 37

What antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 37

* Rifampin: Binds to RNA polymerase inhibiting transcription; treats TB * Quinolones: Inhibits DNA replication, bacteriocidal; cypro (anthrax).

Question 38

What antibiotics are antimetabolites?

Answer 38

*Sulfonamides

Question 39

Describe Sulfonamides

Answer 39

* Precursor to antibiotic, antimicrobial agents derived from sulfonic acid * Inhibit folic acid synthesis * Bacteriostatic, wide spectrum * Can fight protozoa infections * Example: Dapsone - used to treat leprosy

Question 40

What are the clinical problems associated with antibiotic use?

Answer 40

* Infection continues even if symptoms subside (patient doesn't finish antibiotic course) * Affects normal flora * Microbes become resistant * Toxicity: Not seen often, but possible * Sensitization: develop rashes, fever, anaphylaxis.

Question 41

Streptomycin

Answer 41

* Inhibits protein synthesis | * used with penicillin related antibiotics in streptococcal infections for their synergistic effects.

Question 42

Tetracycline

Answer 42

* Inhibits protein synthesis * Bacteriostatic * Stains teeth

Question 43

Chloramphenicol

Answer 43

* Inhibits protein synthesis * Bacteriostatic * Can cause aplastic anemia

Question 44

Erythromycin

Answer 44

* Inhibits protein synthesis * Bacteriostatic * Used if allergic to penicillin

Question 45

Rifampin

Answer 45

* Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis * Binds to RNA polymerase inhibiting transcription * Treats TB

Question 46

Quinolones

Answer 46

* Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis * Inhibits DNA replication * Bacteriocidal * Cypro (anthrax)