Test 3 Review: Bioinformatics

Question 1

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 1

Cytosol

Question 2

Where does oxidation of pyruvate occur?

Answer 2

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 3

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Answer 3

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 4

Where does the electron transport chain and ATP synthase occur?

Answer 4

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 5

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

Answer 5

Anaerobic

Question 6

How many of the original carbons of glucose are left at the conclusion of glycolysis?

Answer 6

6

Question 7

How many of the original carbons of glucose are left after the oxidation of pyruvate?

Answer 7

4

Question 8

How many of the original carbons of glucose are left after the Krebs cycle?

Answer 8

0

Question 9

What are the three types of energy currency in cells?

Answer 9

ATP
“Reducing power”
Electrochemical gradients

Question 10

What are the molecules that make up “reducing power”?

Answer 10

NADH and FADH2

Question 11

How does an energy currency work?

Answer 11

Used to drive energetically unfavorable reactions

Question 12

How does substrate-level phosphorylation work?

Answer 12

A high-energy phosphate group is enzymatically transferred from a substrate to ADP to make ATP

Question 13

How does oxidative phosphorylation work?

Answer 13

The ATP synthase uses the energy of the proton gradient to combine ADP and Pi to make ATP.

Question 14

With what membrane is the ATP synthase associated in the mitochondrion?

Answer 14

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 15

What is the directionality of the electrochemical gradient the mitochondrion uses to drive ATP synthesis?

Answer 15

High proton concentration (low pH) in intermembrane space

Low proton concentration (high pH) in the matrix

Question 16

What kind of movement is associated with ATP synthesis?

Answer 16

Rotation

Question 17

What is the final acceptor of electrons in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

Answer 17

O2

Question 18

What happens to O2 when it receives the electrons in the electron transport chain?

Answer 18

It is reduced

Question 19

What is the product of the reduction of O2 in the electron transport chain?

Answer 19

H2O

Question 20

How is heat generated in bioenergetics?

Answer 20

By uncoupling the electron transport chain from ATP synthesis – energy of electrons is lost as heat

Question 21

What kind of energy does the ATP synthase use when rotating?

Answer 21

Mechanical energy

Question 22

Action Spectrum

Answer 22

extent of a light-dependent reaction vs wavelength of light

Question 23

Absorption Spectrum

Answer 23

absorbance of a compound vs wavelength of light

Question 24

How are action spectra and absorption spectra related?

Answer 24

A light-absorbing compound involved in a light-dependent reaction would have an absorption spectrum that overlaps the action spectrum

Question 25

How is chlorophyll organized in the chloroplast?

Answer 25

Organized in light-harvesting complexes

Question 26

Where would you find the light-harvesting complexes?

Answer 26

Thylakoid membrane

Question 27

What ions are critical for the function of chlorophyll and the water-splitting reaction?

Answer 27

Mg2+ for chlorophyll Mn2+ for water-splitting reaction

Question 28

How many photons are required to drive the water-splitting reaction to completion?

Answer 28

4

Question 29

With what photosystem is the water-splitting reaction associated?

Answer 29

Photosystem 2

Question 30

What connects Photosystem 2 to Photosystem 1?

Answer 30

Electron transport chain Specifically the cytochrome b6/f complex

Question 31

What is the role of the cytochrome b6/f complex?

Answer 31

Builds H+ gradient used by ATP synthase to make ATP

Question 32

Where is the cytochrome b6/f complex located?

Answer 32

Thylakoid membrane

Question 33

Where are the photosystems located?

Answer 33

Thylakoid membrane

Question 34

Non-Cyclic Phosphorylation

Answer 34

one-way flow of electrons from H2O to PS2 to PS1 and eventually reduced molecules

Question 35

Cyclic Photophosphorylation

Answer 35

PS1 operates alone, feeding energized electrons to the cytochrome b6/f complex to contribute to the H+ gradient and make ATP

Question 36

Why does cyclic photophosphorylation matter?

Answer 36

Calvin cycle requires more ATP than NADPH, but non-cyclic phosphorylation produces them in a 1:1 ratio. This reduces this imbalance.

Question 37

With what membrane is the ATP synthase associated in the chloroplast?

Answer 37

Thylakoid membrane

Question 38

What is the directionality of the electrochemical gradient it uses to drive ATP synthesis?

Answer 38

High [H+] in the thylakoid membrane Low [H+] in the stroma Direction of movement is from thylakoid membrane to stroma

Question 39

Compare ATP synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondria: what are the equivalent membranes and compartments?

Answer 39

Inner mitochondrial membrane and thylakoid membrane Matrix/stroma and intermembrane space/thylakoid lumen

Question 40

What is the ultimate source of electrons in photosynthesis?

Answer 40

H2O

Question 41

What is the energy level of the electrons in photosynthesis?

Answer 41

Low

Question 42

What accepts electrons in photosynthesis, and why is it able to do so?

Answer 42

P680 -- strongest oxidizer in nature

Question 43

Transient Starch

Answer 43

Starch that turns over daily

Question 44

Where is transient starch stored?

Answer 44

Stored as starch grains in stroma of chloroplast

Question 45

How is transient starch used by plant cell?

Answer 45

Used for basic metabolic functions

Question 46

Where is the Calvin cycle located?

Answer 46

Chloroplast stroma

Question 47

Is the Calvin cycle an energy-yielding or an energy-consuming reaction?

Answer 47

Energy consuming

Question 48

What is the CO2 fixation enxyme?

Answer 48

Rubisco

Question 49

What other reaction (other than fixing CO2) does the CO2 fixation enzyme inherent to the Calvin cycle catalyze?

Answer 49

An oxygenase reaction

Question 50

Photorespiration

Answer 50

oxygenase reaction catalyzed by rubisco; recovery pathway that detoxifies toxic glycolate product of that reaction, recovering lost 3-PGA

Question 51

What is the cost of photorespiration?

Answer 51

Loss of one of the fixed carbons and consumption of O2

Question 52

What organelles are involved in photorespiration?

Answer 52

Chloroplast, peroxisome, mitochondrion

Question 53

CO2-Concentration Mechanisms (CCM)

Answer 53

overall term for strategy plants and other organisms have evolved to reduce photorespiration