Test 3 Study Guide

Question 1

What are the differences between RNA and DNA?

Answer 1

DNA has a double helix with 2 chains bonded together and twisted. DNA is self-replicating
RNA is a single helical molecule with only 1 chain twisted. RNA is copied from DNA

Question 2

What are the four nucleotide bases for DNA and RNA?

Answer 2

DNA- Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine
RNA- Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil

Question 3

What does the A, T, C, G stand for in DNA and RNA?

Answer 3

DNA- Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine
RNA- Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil

Question 4

How do the bases pair in a DNA strand?

Answer 4

Both strands made of nucleotides come together and start making a helix which makes the bases pair up while the DNA strands are being twisted

Question 5

How do the bases pair in a RNA strand?

Answer 5

**

Question 6

What is a mutation?

Answer 6

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene

Question 7

What can cause a mutation?

Answer 7

-DNA damage from environmental agents (ex: ultraviolet, sunshine, nuclear radiation or other certain chemicals)
-Mistakes that occur when a cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division

Question 8

What is the full name for DNA?

Answer 8

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

Question 9

What is the full name of RNA?

Answer 9

Ribonucleic Acid

Question 10

Know where the sugar, phosphates, and nucleotides are located on the double helix.**

Question 11

How can a mutation be good, bad or cause no obvious difference?

Answer 11

Good: when it enables the organism to withstand particular environmental stresses better than normal
Bad: Mostly all the time. To populations and one’s own health

Question 12

Who won the Nobel Prize for the structure of DNA?

Answer 12

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 13

Who is Rosalind Franklin?

Question 14

What is DNA replication?

Answer 14

*****Copies DNA in all organisms// basis for biological inheritance

Question 15

What is Transcription?

Answer 15

Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA

Question 16

What is Translation?

Answer 16

3rd stage of biosynthesis
RNA is decoded by the ribosome to produce a polypeptide, that will later fold into and activate protein

Question 17

Where does DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation take place in the cell?

Answer 17

DNA replication: nucleus
Transcription: Cytoplasm
Translation: Ribosomes that attach to RNA and translate into a polypeptide within the cytoplasm

Question 18

How can a mutation in the DNA result in a protein not functioning correctly?

Answer 18

It can cause the protein to denature and cause non functioning protein or result in the change of the shape and function of the protein

Question 19

What is a mutagen?

Answer 19

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation

Question 20

What are examples of mutagens?

Answer 20

Ionizing radiation and UV light

Question 21

What is a gene?

Answer 21

A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism

Question 22

What are homologous chromosomes?

Answer 22

Homologous chromosomes are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and possess genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci.

Question 23

What is zygote?

Answer 23

The initial cell formed when two gamete cells are joined by means of sexual reproduction

Question 24

Who is Gregor Mendel?

Answer 24

The founder of genetics

Question 25

Why did Gregor Mendel use the garden pea?

Answer 25

-Mendel could strictly control the pea plants reproduction -Produces many offspring with one cross -Short life cycle -Easy to manipulate; **To ensure accurate results, Mendel covered a flower with a small bag so that no pollen from the other plants could reach the carpel (egg producing organ)

Question 26

****Be able to work Monohybrid and TESTCROSS genetic problems using punnet squares and using the following terms correctly:

Question 27

one of two or more forms of a gene or a genetic locus (genes) is known as?

Answer 27

Allele

Question 28

One allele masks the expression (phenotype) of another allele at the same locus is known as?

Answer 28

Dominant

Question 29

Does not produce a characteristic effect when present with a dominant allele

Answer 29

Recessive

Question 30

Having the same alleles at a particular gene locus on homologous chromosomes

Answer 30

Homozygous

Question 31

Having different alleles at one or more corresponding chromosomes

Answer 31

Heterozygous

Question 32

A combination of alleles that determines a specific characteristic or trait

Answer 32

Genotype

Question 33

The expression of a specific trait based on genetic and environmental influences is a phenotype.

Answer 33

Phenotype

Question 34

an organism having certain biological traits passed on to all subsequent generations when bred with another true bred for the same traits

Answer 34

True-breeding

Question 35

a specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome

Answer 35

Locus

Question 36

What is the P generation?

Answer 36

The parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance. Purebred parents

Question 37

How do you produce an F1 generation?

Answer 37

The offspring of two parental individuals. What the hybrid offspring is known as.

Question 38

How do you produce an F2 generation?

Answer 38

Progeny of self-pollinated F1 generation plant

Question 39

What are Mendel’s 4 hypotheses and what does each mean?

Answer 39

1- Principles of Paired Factors 2- Principles of Dominance 3-Law of Segregation 4- Law of Independent Assortment

Question 40

What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?

Answer 40

Codominance is the expression of both alleles Incomplete Dominance is the expression of one intermediate trait

Question 40

What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?

Answer 40

Codominance is the expression of both alleles Incomplete Dominance is the expression of one intermediate trait

Question 41

Know examples of codominance and incomplete dominance

Answer 41

Codominance: Cross A and B blood and get AB Incomplete: Dominant red blends with recessive white to make pink

Question 42

What is pleiotropy? Know an example.

Answer 42

The ability of a single gene to cause multiple effects on an individual's phenotype Example: sickle-cell disease/anemia or Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 43

What does a circle represent on a pedigree?

Answer 43

Female

Question 44

What does a square represent on a pedigree?

Answer 44

Male

Question 45

What does colored circle indicate on a pedigree?

Answer 45

A mutated or disease progeny

Question 46

What does a colored square indicate on a pedigree?

Answer 46

Male carries the trait

Question 47

What does a half-colored square or circle indicate on a pedigree

Question 48

What is a sex-linked gene?

Answer 48

A sex-linked gene is found only on the X chromosome.

Question 49

What is an example of a sex-linked gene?

Answer 49

An example of a sex-linked gene is a fruit fly; eye color

Question 50

Know which is the dominant trait between freckles and non-freckles, widow’s peak and straight hairline, and detached earlobe and attached earlobe.

Answer 50

Freckles- dominant; widow’s peak- dominant; detached earlobe- dominant

Question 51

What is a virus?

Answer 51

A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism.

Question 52

Why are viruses not considered living organisms?

Answer 52

Viruses are not made out of cells, they can't keep themselves in a stable state, they don't grow, and they can't make their own energy.

Question 53

What is the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?

Question 54

How does a virus replicate?

Question 55

What type of virus (DNA or RNA) are the following: Measles, HIV, Coronavirus?

Question 56

What are three clinical trial/phases/stages of FDA testing for vaccines?

Question 57

What is each clinical trial/phases/stages looking for?

Question 58

Who is Edward Jenner?

Answer 58

Founder of vaccinology in 1796

Question 59

What vaccine did Edward Jenner create?

Answer 59

Smallpox vaccine

Question 60

What is reverse transcriptase?

Question 61

What is cloning?

Answer 61

Cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms reproduce asexually

Question 62

Know the steps for reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning.

Question 63

Who is Dolly? Know the steps to how she was cloned.

Question 64

What is regeneration?

Question 65

What does differentiated mean?

Answer 65

Form and function of a cell are altered from being generalized to being more specific.

Question 66

What happens when a cell is “differentiated”?

Answer 66

A less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

Question 67

What is a stem cell?

Answer 67

A stem cell is found in all organisms. It can divide through mitosis and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and produces more stem cells

Question 68

Name three places stem cells come from.

Answer 68

-Embryos -Umbilical cords -Adult

Question 69

Define Totipotent cell

Question 70

Define Pluripotent cell

Question 71

What does genetically modified mean?****

Answer 71

An organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

Question 72

In simple terms, how are genetic modifications done?

Answer 72

By re-writing the DNA code in a molecule, placing it inside a cell, and allowing it to duplicate

Question 73

What are some potential problems with GM crops and foods?

Answer 73

Overall health, population, and economic

Question 74

What was the first genetically modified product?

Answer 74

Flavr Savr: delayed ripening tomatoes

Question 75

What is the company that produced the first GM product?

Question 76

What were some disadvantages to the first GM product before it was produced through genetic engineering?

Answer 76

Ripened too early

Question 77

What are the advantages of the first GM product?

Question 78

PCR is an acronym for what?

Answer 78

Polymerase chain reaction

Question 79

What does PCR do? Know the steps of the process.

Answer 79

PCR enables researchers to produce millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence in approximately 2 hours

Question 80

What is gel electrophoresis and how does it work?

Answer 80

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size

Question 81

What is DNA fingerprinting?

Answer 81

Is used to determine whether or not two samples of genetic material are from a particular individual.

Question 82

What brances of science use DNA fingerprinting?

Question 83

Is DNA evidence admissible in a U.S court of law as evidence?

Question 84

Name 3 Nobel-prize winning technologies mentioned in CH 9-12.

Question 85

What does CRISP-R stand for?

Question 86

How does CRISP-R work?

Question 87

What is the nickname for CRISP-R?

Question 88

What is the Law of Independent Assortment

Question 89

What is the Law of Segregation?