Test 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What two systems work together to maintain HOMEOSTASIS against internal and external changes?
A
Endocrine and Nervous
2
Q
What does the nervous system allow us to do?
A
Reason, conceptualize, and integrate information
3
Q
nervous system is to ______ and the endocrine system is to ______
A
neurotransmitters, hormones
4
Q
Functions of the nervous system include….
A
internal/external changes in the body, integrate, analyze, and store information within the central nervous system
5
Q
What’s the path from sensory receptor to the effector?
A
Sensory input > integration > motor output
6
Q
What does the Central Nervous System include?
A
Brain and spinal cord
7
Q
What does the peripheral nervous system include ?
A
All nervous tissue outside the CNS
8
Q
Sensory =
A
afferent
9
Q
Motor =
A
efferent
10
Q
Sensory impulses send impulses (in/out)
A
in
11
Q
motor neurons send impulses (in/out)
A
out
12
Q
Somatic Motor Division of the Nervous System
A
- Neurons carry impulses from the brain
- Connect ONLY with skeletal muscle
- Stimulate muscle contractions
- Voluntary
13
Q
Autonomic Motor Division of the Nervous System
A
- Neurons carry impulses from the brain
- Connect with cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
- Stimulate or inhibit
- Automatic (involuntary)
14
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System
A
Fight or Flight
15
Q
Parasympathetic Nervous System
A
Rest or Digest
16
Q
Characteristics of nervous tissue
A
- Conducts impulses
- Consists of two main cell types: neurons and neuroglia cells
- Usually have star-like appearance
17
Q
Neuroglia
A
- Cannot transmit impulses
- Can protects repair, regulate and aid neurons and neuronal impulse transmission
- Can divide
- Vary in shape and function
18
Q
Most brain tumors are due to…
A
neuroglia
19
Q
Which neuroglia cells are found in the peripheral system?
A
Satellite cells and Schwann cells
20
Q
Satellite cells
A
Surrounds neurons cell bodies in ganglia; regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
21
Q
Schwann cells
A
Surrounds all axons in PNS; responsible for myelination of peripheral axons; participate in repair process after injury; forms MYELIN SHEATH in PNS
22
Q
Oligocendrocytes
A
Myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework, forms MYELIN SHEATH in CNS
23
Q
Astrocytes
A
Maintain blood-brain barrier; provide structural support; regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved-gas concentrations; absorb and recycle neurotransmitters; form scar tissue after injury
24
Q
Microglia
A
Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis
25
Ependymal cells
Line ventricles and central canal; assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid
26
The central nervous system contains
Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia
27
Myelinations makes fibers appear…
white
28
Myelination speeds up the…
rate of impulse conduction
29
Characteristics of neurons
* Transmits impulses
* Highly sensitive to external changes
* High metabolic rate
* Cannot divide
* Show extreme longevity (100+ yrs)
* Appear gray
* Vary in size
30
Dendrite of neuron
Receptive region sometime forming free nerve receptors
31
Soma of neuron
cell body, has nucleus and nucleolus
32
Axon of neuron
* Transmitting fiber
| * May be myelinated or un-myelinated
33
White matter
Primarily myelinated fibers
34
Gray matter
Primarily neuron cell bodies and un-myelinated neurons
35
Synaptic terminal
Forms synapse
| Releases neurotransmitter
36
Pathway of neuron transmission
Dendrites > cell body > axon > terminal boutons
37
bipolar neurons are in charge of …
special senses
38
pseudounipolar neurons are in charge of …
sensory impulses
39
multipolar neurons are in charge of …
motor neurons
40
Neurons can be organized into smaller organized groups called…
neuronal pools
41
Neuronal pools are identified by…
neural circuit
42
Examples of neural circuit
Divergence, convergence, serial processing, parallel processing, reverberation
43
Divergence
A circuit spreading stimulation to multiple neurons or neuronal pools in the CNS
44
Convergence
a circuit providing input to a single neuron from multiple sources
45
Serial processing
a circuit in which neurons or pools work sequentially
46
Parallel processing
a circuit in which neurons or pools process the same information simultaneously
47
Reverberation
a positive feedback circuit
48
Reverberation
A positive feedback circuit
49
Nerves…
* contain neuron fibers
| * Found in bundles
50
Forebrain =
prosencephalon
51
Midbrain =
mesencephalon
52
Hindbrain =
rhombencephalon
53
Forebrain contains which regions?
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
54
Midbrain contains which region?
mesencephalon
55
Hindbrain contains which brain regions?
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
56
the telencephalon contains which main brain structure?
cerebrum
57
Diencephalon contains which main brain structures?
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
58
Mesencephalon contains which main brain structures?
Cerebral peduncle and corpora quadrigemina
59
Metencephalon contains which main brain structures?
pons and cerebellum
60
Myelencephalon contains which brain structures?
medulla oblongata
61
Dura mater
* tough superficial layer
* not attached to bone in spinal cavity
* has two layers: endosteal layer (attached to cranium) and meningeal layer (deep)
62
Arachnoid layer
• cerebral spinal fluid found within sub-arachnoid space
63
Pia mater
• directly attached to brain and spinal cord
64
cranial meninges
surrounds the brain and the spinal cord
65
What are the three layers of the cranial meninges?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
66
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
* Protects, cushions, and nourishes the brain and spinal cord
* Removes waste
* produced by choroid plexus
* Recirculated back into blood at arachnoid granulations every 8 hours
* Found around brain/spinal cord and within ventricles in brain
67
Smell Nerve Tracing
Olfactory receptors > olfactory bulb > olfactory tract > sensory cortex of cerebrum (Rats Bite The Squirrels)
68
Vision Nerve Tracing
Light rays > cornea > anterior chamber > pupil > posterior chamber > lens > posterior cavity > retina > rods and cones > bipolar cell > ganglion cells > optic nerve > optic chiasma > thalamus > sensory cortex cerebrum > occipital lobe
69
Facial nerve tracing
Gustatory receptor cells in anterior 2/3 of tongue > facial nerve > medulla oblongata > thalamus > sensory cortex of cerebrum
70
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Tracing
Gustatory receptor cells in posterior 1/3 of tongue > glossopharyngeal nerve > medulla oblongata > thalamus > sensory cortex of cerebrum
71
Vagus Nerve
Gustatory receptor cells in pharynx > vagus nerve > medulla oblongata > thalamus > sensory cortex of cerebrum
72
Hearing - Cochlear Nerve Tracing
Sound > external ear > tympanic membrane > malleus, incus, stapes > moves perilymph in vestibular and tympanic ducts > vibrates vestibular and basilar membrane > vibrates spiral organ > tectorial membrane distorts receptor cells > cochlear nerve > thalamus > sensory cortex cerebrum > temporal lobe
73
Equilibrium - Vestibular Nerve tracing
Hair cells in utricle, saccule, and ampullae > vestibular nerve > medulla oblongata > cerebellum
74
Mechanoreceptor sensations
hearing, soft touch, and equilibrium
75
Proprioreceptor sensations
position of body in space
76
Chemoreceptor sensations
smell, taste, and pH of blood
77
Thermoreceptor sensations
warm and cold sensation
78
photoreceptor sensations
vision
79
baroreceptor sensation
stretch of hollow organ or tube
80
nociceptor sensation
painful sensation
81
Cranial Nerves
Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
82
Acronym for cranial nerves
Old Owls On Tree Tops Are Forever Viewing Green Valleys And Hills
83
Acronym for cranial nerves sensory/motor
Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
s= somatic m= motor b=both
84
Olfactory nerve sensory/motor function
```
Sensory = smell
Motor = none
```
85
Optic Nerve sensory/motor function
```
Sensory = vision
Motor = none
```
86
Oculomotor Nerve Sensory/Motor Function
```
Sensory = none
Motor = skeletal eye muscles and smooth eye muscles
```
87
Trochlear nerve sensory/motor function
```
Sensory = none
Motor = skeletal eye muscles
```
88
Trigeminal sensory/motor function
```
Sensory = general sensation from face, eyes, mouth
Motor = skeletal muscles of masticulation
```
89
Abducens sensory/motor function
```
Sensory = none
Motor = skeletal eye muscles
```
90
Facial sensory/motor function
Sensory = taste - anterior tongue
Motor (somatic) = muscles of facial expression
Motor (Visceral) = salivary glands
91
Vestibulocochlear sensory and motor function
```
Sensory = hearing and equilibrium
Motor = none
```
92
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Sensory/Motor Function
```
Sensory = taste; general sensations from middle ear and throat; BP and gas content in blood vessels
Motor = swallowing muscles and salivary gland
```
93
Vagus nerve sensory and motor function
```
Sensory = general sensations from thoracic and abdominal viscera
Motor = thoracic and abdominal viscera; larynx and swallowing muscles
```
94
Accessory nerve sensory and motor function
```
Sensory = none
Motor = swallowing muscles, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
```
95
Hypoglossal Sensory and Motor Function
```
Sensory = none
Motor = tongue muscles
```
96
Flow of CSF Tracing
