test 4 Flashcards
(308 cards)
1
Q
What will secrete exotoxin?
A
Gram + and/or gram - bacteria.
2
Q
Where else will exotoxin come from besides being secreted by gram + and Gram - bacteria?
A
It can leak into the surrounding fluid following lysis of a bacterial cell.
3
Q
What do bacteria need to do to produce enough exotoxin to be harmful?
A
The bacteria must colonize tissue.
4
Q
How are exotoxins made with foodborne illnesses?
A
The bacteria multiples in the food and produces exotoxins.
5
Q
What are most exotoxins made of?
A
Proteins.
6
Q
How will the immune system respond to exotoxins that are proteins?
A
Make antibodies.
7
Q
Many exotoxins are so powerful that fatal damage can occur before what happens?
A
An immune response is mounted.
8
Q
Why are vaccinations against exotoxins so valuable?
A
For those that are so powerful they cause fatal damage before an immune response is mounted the vaccines are invaluable for quick memory response.
9
Q
What will heat do to exotoxins?
A
Since most of them are proteins heat will kill them.
10
Q
Exotoxins are released by every major Gram positive genera except what?
A
Listeria.
11
Q
Many bacteria that release exotoxins also release what?
A
Endotoxin.
12
Q
Will exotoxins cause a fever or generalized inflammation?
A
Not usually.
13
Q
What are the 3 specific targets of exotoxins?
A
Neurotoxins, Enterotoxins, Cytotoxins.
14
Q
What do neurotoxins do?
A
cause paralysis.
15
Q
What do enterotoxins do?
A
Act of GI tract to cause diarrhea.
16
Q
What do Cytotoxins do?
A
Damage a variety of cell types by interfering with cell mechanisms or causing cell lysis.
17
Q
Endotoxins are what?
A
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
18
Q
What are LPS’s composed of?
A
Lipid A, core polysaccharide, O specific polysaccharide.
19
Q
LPS is a molecule that is part of what?
A
Outer membrane in Gram Negative bacteria.
20
Q
LPS’s are fundamental parts of what?
A
The cell wall of gram negative bacteria.
21
Q
The immune response to endotoxins is due to what?
A
Innate immune response, no specific target.
22
Q
what will heat do to endotoxins?
A
It will not be destoryed.
23
Q
What will autoclaving do to endotoxins?
A
Not destroy them.
24
Q
Name the 2 Gram positive Cocci?
A
- Staphylococcus. 2. Streptococcus.
25
Will staphylococcus be part of our normal flora?
Yes.
26
What are the 2 types of Staphylococcus mentioned?
1. S. Aureus. 2. Staphylococcus epidermidis.
27
What will the S. aureus pigment be like?
Golden.
28
What is the coagulase like for S. aureus?
Positive.
29
What are the virulence factors of S. aureus?
Protein A, and Exotoxins.
30
What is protein A?
Extracellular surface protein that binds to IgG's and prevents organization by coating bacterium with host immunoglobin.
31
With S. aureus what is the most potent hemolysin?
Alpha toxin.
32
What will cause Toxic shock syndrome toxin?
An exotoxin from S. aureus.
33
What will toxic shock syndrome do?
A superantigen causing release of cytokines which cause a drop in blood pressure and kidney damage.
34
Toxic shock syndrome was initially associated with what?
Tamon use.
35
S. Aureus causes enterotoxin which is what?
An exotoxin if present in food will cause nausea and vomiting if consumed.
36
Since Enterotoxin from S. aureus is an exotoxin will heat kill it?
No it is heat stable.
37
S. aureus causes Exofoliatin which is what?
An exotoxin that destories material that binds together the layers of skin.
38
What are the different pathogenesis of S. aureus?
Furuncles (boils)folliculitis, scalded skin syndr, toxic shock syndr, Pneumonia, soteomyelitis, catheter and shunt infections, wound infections, MRSA
39
What is the coagulase like for staphylococcus epidermidis?
Negative.
40
What is staphylococcus epidermidis like?
opportunistic pathogen.
41
What type of patients get staphylococcus epidermidis?
Compromised patients.
42
What is the treatment like for Staphylococcus?
Difficult since almost all strains produce penixillinase (beta-lactamase).
43
What type of media is needed for streptococcus growth?
Rich media. So little or no growth on a traditional media.
44
All streptococci can be identified in what way?
Hemolysis patterns.
45
What are the 3 different Hemolysis patterns of streptococcus?
Alpha-, Beta-, and Gama-hemolysis.
46
How can you tell you have a alpha-hemolysis?
Partial hemolysis with greenish cast around colonies.
47
How can you tell you have a beta-hemolysis?
Complete lysis of blood cells creating clear area around colonies.
48
How can you tell you have a gama-hemolysis?
no lysis of blood cells.
49
What are Lancefield groups?
Ways to catagorize streptoccus bacteria that is not inclusive and used to some degree still.
50
What groups of Lancefield are used today?
Groups A and B.
51
What is a more inclusive way to classify strep?
By dividing into 4 groups.
52
What are the 4 inclusive groups that streptococcus can be divided into?
lactic, fecal, viridans, Beta-hemolytic.
53
What is the lactic streptococci like?
Non pathogenic, no hemolysis.
54
Where is Lactic streptococci found at?
In milk products.
55
What is lactic streptococci used for?
in dairy fermentation, produce lactic acid that gives sour taste to foods.
56
Fecal streptococci is found in what Lancefield group?
D.
57
Fecal streptococci is normal flora of what?
The intestinal tract.
58
What are the hemolysis patterns of fecal streptococci like?
Different patterns than alpha, beta, and gamma.
59
Fecal streptococci is clinically a cause of what?
Urinary infections, sometimes endocarditis.
60
Fecal streptococci is what type of pathogen?
Opportunistic pathogen that causes disease in weakend patients.
61
What is another name for Fecal streptococci?
Enterococci.
62
What is VRE?
Vancomycin resistant enterococci. A type of fecal streptococci that is resistant to vancomyocin.
63
What type of group is viridans streptococci?
Large heterogenous group.
64
What type of Lancefield antigens will Viridans streptococci have?
None.
65
What type of hemolysis will Viridans streptococci have?
Alpha.
66
Viridans streptococci is normal flora of what?
The mouth and respiratory tract.
67
Viridans strptococci may cause what?
Tooth decay, and bacterial endocarditis (patients that have heart damage or heart condition).
68
Beta-hemolytic streptococci has strains in both the group A and B of the lancefield groups and what will these strains be?
Group A- Streptococcus pyogenes. Group B- Streptococcus agalactiae.
69
What is the major pathogen of streptococcus?
Streptococcus pyogenes.
70
What type of toxin will Streptococcus pyogenes have?
Pyrogenic exotoxins.
71
What are the pyrogenic exotoxins like with Streptococcus pyogenes?
M protein, hyaluronic acid capsule.
72
What are the different pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Streptococcal pharyngitis, Streptococcal impetigo, cellulitis, erysinpelas, Scarlet fever, post streptococcal diseases.
73
What are post streptococcal diseases?
Rheumatic fever, Glomerulonephritis.
74
What is St. Anthony's fire?
Erysipelas which is a pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes.
75
What are 3 ways to diagnose sterptococcus pyogenes?
blood agarplates, Sensitive to bacitracin, ELISA test.
76
Name 2 other pathogens of streptococcus?
S. agalacitiae, and S. Pneumoniae.
77
Streptococcus agalactiae is normal flora of what?
Female geintal tract in 10-30% of females.
78
Colonization of Streptococcus agalactiae is like what?
Transient.
79
Streptococcus agalactiae is an important cause of what?
Neonatal meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis in first week of life= high mortality.
80
What will the capsule for Streptococcus pneumoniae be like?
Polysaccharide.
81
What is the purpose of the S. pneumoniae polysaccharide capsule?
Major virulence factor and antigenic.
82
What hemolysis group will S. pneumoniae be in?
Alpha.
83
S. pneumoniae is part of the normal flora in what % of people?
5-40%.
84
Infection occurs when with Streptococcus pneumoniae?
If invasive strain moves to lower lungs.
85
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of what in adults?
Pneumonia, acute onset with chillsm and high fever. And meningitis.
86
What will the difference between adult and infant meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Adults stiff necks and no stiff necks in infants.
87
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of what in children?
Otitis media and sinusitis.
88
How will Streptococcus pneumoniae be diagnosed?
Quellung reaction.
89
What is the quellung reaction?
Mix sample with serum containing antibodies to capsular antigens capsules appear to swell.
90
What is the treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Polyvalent vaccine and conjugate vaccine.
91
All members of Neisseria are what?
Gram negative diplococci and are oxidase positive and fastidious.
92
What is Fastidious?
Picky eaters.
93
What are the virulence factors for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Pili, Gram negative cell wall LOS (similar to LPS), secreted protease IgA that destroys immunoglob A, and membrane proteins that adhere to host cell.
94
How is Neisseria gonorrhoeae acquired?
Through unprotected sexual intercourse.
95
What happens to Males who acquire Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
It penet the mucous membrane of the urethra causing inflam, and they frequently experience pain on urination and purulent discharge from urethra.
96
Will any males with neisseria gonorrhoeae remain asymptomatic?
Yes.
97
What happens to females who acquire neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Most remain Asympotomatic and are reservoirs for disease.
98
Females who are not asymptomatic with neisseria gonorrhoeae will experience what?
Painful urination and discharge, It will infect cervix or rectum. Can cause pelivic inflammatory disease.
99
What part of the female body can not be infected with neisseria gonorrhoeae?
The vagina.
100
How will infants get neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Transmitted from mother to infant during childbirth.
101
What will Neisseria gonorrhoeae do to infants?
Damage cornea and lead to blindness.
102
How will Neisseria gonorrhoeae be diagnosed?
Oxidase test.
103
What is the treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Penicillin is no longer effective due to PPNG. Tetracyline for concurrent Chlamydia infection, Prophylaxis- to treat eyes of newborns.
104
What are the virulence factors for Neisseria meningitidis?
Polysaccharide capsule, Endotoxin, Secreted protease (IgA protease=cuts up IgA).
105
What is the host for Neisseria meningitidis?
Humans are the only natural hosts.
106
Who is at high risk for neisseria meningitidis?
Kids 6 months to 2 years, and army boot camps 40% carriers.
107
Can there be healthy carriers of neisseria meningitidis?
Yes 5% of people this is in their normal flora.
108
What is menigococcemia?
Neisseria meningitidis bacteria invade bloodstream from nasopharynx and this can result in deadly sepsis.
109
What is the classic clue of menigococcemia?
Appearance of petechial rash called purpura.
110
What is waterhouse friderichsen syndrome?
A septic shock from neisseria meningitidis bacteria causing a systemic immune response that leads to bilateral hemorrhage into adrenal glands.
111
How is Neisseria meningitidis diagnosed?
Culture body fluids, oxidase test.
112
What is the treatment for neisseria meningitidis?
Elimination of carriers, penicillin, vaccine available but not widely used.
113
What type of bacteria is clostridium?
Gram positive endospore forming rods.
114
What type of metabolism will colstridium have?
Anaerobic.
115
Where will clostridium be found at?
Since it has an endospore it is found in soil and water.
116
What are 2 ways to get clostridium perfringens?
Food poisoning, gas gangrene.
117
What are the 2 types of food poisoning from clostridium perfringens?
enterotoxin A- Diarrhea, cramping. Enterotoxin C- hemorrhagic enteritis= tissue damage and bleeding.
118
What will gas gangrene from clostridium perfringens do?
Exotoxin that destroys muscle, and produces gas.
119
How is clostridium perfringens diagnosed?
Egg yolk agar, anaerobic culture.
120
What is the treatment for clostridium perfringens?
Surgical cleansing (debridement), penicillins.
121
Clostidium botulinum will cause what?
Botulism.
122
What will botulism cause?
Flaccid paralysis by blocking cholinergic synapse by 7 neurotoxins.
123
What types of botulism will clostridium botulinum cause?
Adult and infant.
124
How is clostridium botulinum diagnosed?
Inject mice with serum from patient or left over food if toxin is present mice will die rapidly. In infants toxin can be id in bowel content, not serum.
125
How can clostridium botulinum be prevented?
Cook food in canned pressure cookers above 212 F or 100 C for 10 minutes.
126
Clostridium tetani causes what?
Neurotoxins block inhibitory impulses to muscles and cause muscles to spasm and contraction-tetany.
127
What is opisthotonos?
Spasm in back muscles-head is thrown backwards and the back is bowed like an arch from clostridium tetani.
128
How is clostridium tetani prevented?
Toxoid (weakend toxin) vaccine, part of DTP.
129
What will clostridium difficile cause?
Pseudomembranous colitis.
130
What is pseudomembranous colitis?
A severe infection of the colon.
131
Pseudomembranous colitis often occurs when?
After normal gut flora is eradicated by the use of antibiotics.
132
How will clostridium difficile react to antibiotics?
Most strains are resistant that?s why when antibiotics kill off a lot of normal flora that clostridium difficile flourishes.
133
What is the treatment of Clostridium difficle?
Discontinue antibiotics, and treat with metronidazole, 2nd choice vancomycin.
134
Should you give a patient loperamide and bismuth who has clostridium difficel?
No because slowing of fecal transit time is thought to result in extended toxin-associated damage.
135
What is Bacillus like?
Gram positive endospore forming rods.
136
What is bacillus metabolism like?
Aerobic.
137
Bacillus is endospore forming that has what type of pattern?
Bamboo-like pattern.
138
What are the 3 types of bacillus anthracis?
1. Cutaneous anthrax. 2. Gastroinetsinal anthrax. 3. Inhalation anthrax.
139
Cutaneous anthrax is aka?
Woolsorters disease.
140
How common is cutaneous anthrax and how is it aquired?
Common and endospore enters a cut.
141
How common is GI anthrax and how is it aquired?
Uncommon and from uncooked or contaminated meat.
142
How is inhalation anthrax aquired?
spores inhaled into alceoli, ex-sporulate and release toxins.
143
What are the symptoms of inhalation anthrax?
non-specific symptoms.
144
What is the treatment for Bacillus anthracis?
After exposure oral ciprofloxacin. Before exposure there is a vaccine.
145
How was the Bacillus anthracis vaccine made?
From an attenuated strain of Bacillus anthracis.
146
What will bacillus cereus cause?
There are 2 types of enterotxins 1. Diarrheal. 2. Vomiting.
147
Name 2 gram positive non-endospore forming rod bacteria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Listeria monocytogenes.
148
What is the primary reservoir for corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Humans.
149
What are the sources of infection of corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Carriers who have recovered, New cases not exhibiting symptoms, people with active disease, contaminated articles.
150
Where will Corynebacterium diphtheriae localize at?
In throat and cause swelling of the neck.
151
What will corynebacterium diphtheriae do once localized in the throat?
Forms a gray membrane composed of clooted blood, epithelial cells and leukocytes.
152
Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces toxins that do what?
Cause nerve damage= paralysis of soft palate and eye muscles. Toxin can be absorbed in blood and damage kidneys, heart, and extrem nerve damage.
153
What is the major concern with the gray membrane in the throat?
It can become detached and cause suffocation.
154
How is corynebacterium diphtheriae diagnosed?
Schick test
155
What is the treatment for corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Antitoxin.
156
How is corynebacterium diphtheriae prevented?
Immunization DPT.
157
When will Listeria Monocytogenes be motile?
at 22-28 degrees C. Not at body temps.
158
Where is Listeria monocytogenes found at commonly and why?
Deli meat because it grows well at 4 Degrees C in a refrigerator.
159
Listeria is ____ hemolytic?
Beta.
160
What is unique about Listeria monocytogenes?
It produces endotoxin and is gram +.
161
How is Listeria monocytogenes aquired?
Ingested in contaminated food.
162
Who is at high risk for listeria moncytogenes?
Immunocompromised people, and pregnant women and neonates.
163
Why are neonates at risk for listeria monocytogenes?
Contact microbe from asymptoma mother during delivery, and Listera can cross the placental barrier result in miscarriage or delivery of crit ill neonate.
164
Name the 7 gram negative bacteria also known as enterics.
1. E. coli. 2. K. Pneumoniae. 3. Enterobacter. 4. Serratia. 5. Proteus. 6. Salmonella. 7. Shigella.
165
How many gram negative bacteria aka enterics are considered coliforms?
3. E. coli, K. Pneumoniae, and enterobacter.
166
What are coliforms?
Facultatively anaerobic, gram negative, non-endospore forming, rod shaped bacteria that FERMENT LACTOSE with gas production.
167
Coliforms are normally found where?
Human intestines.
168
Where should coliforms not be found?
Outside of intestines.
169
Coliforms are used as an indicator of what?
Water quality testing.
170
What type of pathogen is escherichia coli?
Opportunistic.
171
How can DNA transfer from E. coli?
via conjugation, transposons, lysogenic converion.
172
What will E. coli infections cause?
Septicemia, UTI, meningitis, Gastroenteritis.
173
Gastroenteritis is caused by what 4 things?
1. Enterotoxin producing E. coli. 2. Enteroinvasive E. coli. 3. Enteropathogenic E. coli. 4. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli.
174
What is enterotoxin producing E. coli?
Traveler's diarrhea.
175
What is Enteroinvasive E. coli?
E. coli invades intestinal cells.
176
What is the main virulence factor with Enteroinvasive E. coli?
Encoded on plasmid shared by shigella and E. coli.
177
What will enteroinvasice E coli cause?
Produces shiga-like toxin which causes gastroenteritis.
178
What will enteropathogenic E. coli do?
Will not invade cells, but adheres to them.
179
Once Enteropathogenic E. coli adheres to cells what will it do?
Coded on the plasmid once it adheres it causes loss of microvilli where microbe attaches and causes non-bloody diarrhea.
180
Almost all enterohemorrhagic E. coli belong to what group?
serotype o157:H7.
181
What will enterohemorrhagic E. coli do?
Produce a toxin known as verotoxin.
182
What will verotoxin do?
Blocks a cellular protein that normally prevents the cell from entering apoptosis.
183
What disease is associated with Enterohemorrhagic E. coli?
E. colio157:H7.
184
What will the gastroenteritis caused by enterohemorrhagic E. coli be like?
Severe abdominal pain and diarrhea which initially is watery, but becomes grossly bloody with occaisonal vomiting.
185
Some victims of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli develop hemolytic uremic syndrom (HUS) and this is characterized by what?
Renal failure and lysis of RBC's.
186
What % of hemorrhagic colitis victims develop HUS?
0-15%.
187
How is Escherichia coli diagnosed?
It produces a green metalic sheen on EMB agar
188
How can Escherichia coli be distingushed from Enterobacter?
use IMViC.
189
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a coliform that is classified by what?
Capsule antigens.
190
K. pneumoniae effects who and when?
The second most common cause of sepsis in hospitilized patients.
191
People with K. pneumoniae get what type of infections?
Urinary caused by Foley catheters, and infant septicemia.
192
Enterobacter is a coliform, but what is the most common species among the enterobacter?
Enterobacter aeruginosa.
193
What can Enterobacter aeruginosa cause?
(UTI) urinary tract infects.
194
Can serraita ferment lactose?
No it is not a coliform.
195
Serratia is noted for it's characteristic what?
Red pigment (only 10% of isolates).
196
Serratia is an opportunistic pathogen in hospitilzed patientes that causes what problmes?
Pneumonia, bacteriemia, endocarditis.
197
Can proteus ferment lactose?
No it is not a coliform.
198
Proteus is an opportunistic pathogen that has what type of unique feature?
Swarming on agar.
199
What type of unique enzyme will proteus have and what will it do?
Urease and it breaks down urea to produce cherry red color.
200
Will salmonella be part of the normal flora?
No.
201
Can Salmonella ferment lactose?
No it is not a coliform.
202
What will salmonella cause?
Typhoid fever.
203
Typhoid fever is aka?
Enteric fever.
204
Typhoid fever is only caused by a few types of salmonellae, but which one is the most important?
Salmonella typhi.
205
How can people get typhoid fever?
Humans are reservoirs and it is through fecal-oral transmission. Water and food contaminated with feces and/or urine.
206
Will people still be carriers of typhoid or salmonella after they recover from typhoid fever?
Yes in the gallbladder.
207
With salmonella will a large or small dose be needed to cause disease?
Small.
208
Salmonellosis starts how long after exposure to salmonella?
1-3 weeks.
209
What will salmonella do once inside of people?
Invades intestinal cells and then moves into lymph nodes.
210
From the lymph nodes bacteria can do what?
can infect multiple systems esp. spleen.
211
What happens to salmonella that are phagocytosed by monocytes?
They can survive and divide inside the phagocytes.
212
What is it called when bactria can survive inside of phagocytes?
Facultative intracellular parasite.
213
What are the symptoms of typhoid fever?
Abdominal pain, headache, weakness, high fever, rose colored spots on chest and/or abdomen.
214
How is typhoid fever or salmonella infections diagnosed?
Culture blood, urine or feces to determine serotype.
215
What is the treatment for typhoid fever?
Chloramphenicol, cipro, ampicillin.
216
Someone with typhoid fever that is being treated with antibiotics should also have what?
IV fluids, electrolytes.
217
How can typhoid fever be prevented?
There is a vaccination that is recommended for travel outside of the USA, Canada, Northern-Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.
218
What is the most common type of salmonella infection?
Gastroenteritis.
219
How can we get gastroenteritis type of salmonella infection?
Animals are reservoirs of infection including chickens, domestic animals, reptiles, cows. Commonly associated with undercooked eggs.
220
How will gastroenteritis salmonella infect eggs?
Silently infects ovaries of healthy appearing hens and contaminates the eggs before the shells are formed.
221
What type of toxin will gastroenteritis salmonella have?
Both endotoxin and enterotoxin.
222
What is the gastroenteritis salmonella enterotoxin like?
Cholera-like.
223
What is the treatment for gastroenteritis salmonella?
Fluids and electrolytes.
224
Why wont you give antibiotics to gastroenteritis salmonella infections?
They don?t shorten the course of disease.
225
How long will diarrhea last with gastroenteritis salmonella last?
a week or less.
226
Shigella is an enteric, but is it part of the normal flora and can itferment lactose?
It is not part of normal flora and can't ferment lactose because it is not a coliform.
227
When will shigella be pathogenic?
Always.
228
There are 4 species of Shigella, but which one is the most pathogenic?
Shigella dysenteriae.
229
What will shigella dysenteriae cause?
Bacterial dysentery.
230
How can we get bacteral dysentery from shigella dysenteriae?
Humans are the only reservoir for disease and it comes from fecal-oral transmission(food, fingers, feces, and flies).
231
What will stomach acids do to bacterial dysentery caused by shigella?
Not easily killed so infectious dose is low.
232
Shigella dysenteriae produce potent enterotoxin called what and what will it do?
Shiga toxin and it kills epithelial cells, but rarely invades bloodstream.
233
What will bacterial dysentery cause?
Severe inflammatory response causing bloody diarrhea.
234
Shiga toxin can cause what?
Hemolytic uremic syndrome which is often fatal.
235
How are shigella infections diagnosed?
SS agar (selective and differential).
236
A selective and differential SS agar is done do distinguish Shigella from what?
Salmonella.
237
Name 2 pleomorphic gram negative rods with bipolar staining?
1. Yersinia pestis. 2. Yersinia enterocolittica.
238
Yersinia bacteria are motile and are part of what family?
Enterobacteriaceae family.
239
Yersinia pestis caused what?
Bubonic plague.
240
The bubonic plague caused how many major epidemics?
Three.
241
Where wil yersinia pestis come from?
It is endemic in rodent populations of all continents besides Australia and is transmitted by rat fleas.
242
What does the word sylvan mean?
Pertaining to the woods or wild.
243
The bubonic plague is classified as what type of disease?
Zoonosis.
244
What happens to Yersinia pestis after bacteria enter via a flea bite?
Engulfed by macrophages where they multiply and are carried to lymph nodes.
245
What happens to lymph nodes with macrophages with yersinia pestis?
They become swollen and are called buboes.
246
What happens to lymph nodes once buboes are formed?
The lymph nodes become necrotic allowing large numbers of bacteria to enter the blood-septicemic plague.
247
What is septicemic plague?
Endotoxin results in shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
248
What is the mortality of septicemic plague?
75%.
249
What happens in 10-20% of septicemic plagues?
Infection of the lungs from bloodstream and this causes Pneumonic plague.
250
What happens to people with the pneumonic plague?
Always fatal in just a few days.
251
What is the prevention and control of Yersinia pestis?
Control of rat population and antibiotic treatment.
252
How is yersinia enterocolitica transmitted?
Fecal-oral. Ingestion of contaminated food or water.
253
What type of toxin will yersinia enterocolitica have?
Heat stable enterotoxin that leads to severe gastroenteritis.
254
Name 3 Gram negative rods that are found widely in nature?
1. Vibrio. 2. Campylobacter. 3. Helicobacter.
255
Vibrio cholerae is a _____ gram negative rod.
Curved.
256
What type of flagellum will Vibrio cholerae have?
Single polar flagellum that appears to vibrate.
257
What will confer serologic specificity of Vibrio cholerae?
O lipopolysaccharides.
258
Vibrio cholerase has at least how many O antigen groups?
at least 139.
259
Strains of O group 1 and O group 139 cause what?
Classic cholera.
260
Within O group 1 how many biotypes have been identified?
2 classic and E1 for vibrio cholerae.
261
O1 and E1 biotype for vibrio cholerae is similar to what?
Vibrio cholerae 0139.
262
What will stomach acids do to Vibrio cholerae?
Kills it so large amounts are needed to be infected.
263
60% of infections of classic biotype of vibrio cholerae are what?
Asymptomatic.
264
75% of infections of E1 biotype of vibrio cholerae are what?
Asymptomatic.
265
For those who become infected with vibrio cholerae incubation period is how long?
1-4 days.
266
What do Vibrio cholerae do once inside?
Adhere to mucosa and multiply, but do not invade the cells.
267
What is Choleragen?
An enterotoxin produced by vibrio cholerae.
268
Choleragen causes what?
Increased production of cAMP.
269
Accumulations of cAMP cause what?
It causes intestinal cells to convert them into little pumps that continuously secrete Cl_ ions accompanied by other ions and water.
270
What else will Choleragen do?
Inhibits absorption of Na+.
271
How is Vibrio cholerae prevented?
Sewage treatment and water purification, good food hygiene.
272
How is Vibrio cholerae treated?
Fluid replacement using oral rehydration salts and in severe casees IV's.
273
What is the shape of campylobacter?
Spiral shaped with unipolar/bipolar flagella.
274
Campylobacter is the major cause of what?
Gastroenteritis in the USA (among the top 3).
275
What is the treatment for campylobacter?
It is self limiting and lasts 5-8 days.
276
What is the shape of helicobacter?
Spiral shaped with unipolar sheathed flagella.
277
Helicobacter is the 2nd leading cause of what?
Gastric/duodenal ulcers.
278
How can Helicobacter survive the stomach acids?
They produce urease which allows them to create an alkaline microenvironment.
279
How is Helicobacter treated?
Antibiotic therapy combined with bismuth.
280
Name 2 obligate anaerobic gram negative bacteria?
1. Bacteroides fragilis. 2. Fusobacterium.
281
What is the shape of bacteroides fragilis?
Rod shaped.
282
Bacteroides fragilis is a major component of what?
normal flora of GI tract (99%).
283
Besides GI tract where will bacteroides fragilis be found at?
Mouth and femal genitourinary system.
284
What is cell wall of bacteroides fragilis like?
No endotoxin even though gram negative so cell wall is not toxic.
285
Will bacteroides fragilis possess a capsule?
no.
286
Can bacteroides fragilis be a pathogen?
Yes an opportunistic pathogen.
287
When will bacteroides fragilis be an opportunistic pathogen?
If intestine is perforated it will cause abscesses in peritoneum, and in female genitourinary tract.
288
Bacteroides fragilis is implicated in what disease?
Periodontal disease.
289
Fusobacterium is similar to what?
Bacteroides.
290
What s the morphology of fusibacterium?
Long rods with tapered ends.
291
Fusobacterium is part of what?
Normal flora.
292
Can fusobacterium be a pathogen?
Yes an opportunistic pathogen.
293
Fusobacterium is an opportunistic pathogen that causes many infections, but which one is most notable?
Aspiration pneumonia.
294
How is aspiration pneumonia aquired?
Result of inhaling bacteria from aspirated vomitus.
295
Name the 1 obligate aerobic gram negative rod in the notes?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
296
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the epitome of what?
Opportunistic pathogens.
297
Pseudomonas aeruginosa will not effect who?
Healthy patients.
298
Psudomonsa aeruginosa infects what type of tissue in weakened patients?
Nearly any tissue.
299
Pseudomonsa aeruginosa is a major cause of what?
Nosocomial infection.
300
What type of pigment will pseudomonas aeruginosa make?
Blue-green that resluts in blue-green pus and smells sweet.
301
How motile will Pseudomonas aeruginosa be?
Highly motile.
302
What will the outside of pseudomonas aeruginosa be like?
Produces slime layer.
303
Pseudomonsa aeruginosa have pili for what?
Exchange of antibiotic resistant plasmids.
304
What type of toxins will pseudomonas aeruginosa have?
Endotoxin and exotoxins and Leukocidins.
305
What are Leukocidins?
They inhibit immune response by killing white blood cells, notably neutrophils.
306
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is particularly problematic for who?
Burn victims, cystic fobrosis patients and any compromised individual (common in AIDS patients).
307
What is the treatment for pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Limited due to multiple resistance.
308
Prevention is key in pseudomonsa aeurinosa which is done by what?
Cleaning and monitoring of hospital equipment.
