Test 4

Question 1

What are sensory neurons?

Answer 1

They are neurons that go from the receptors to CNS

Question 2

Motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 2

They are neurons that go from the cns to effectors (the bodies response)

Question 3

Inter neurons

Answer 3

They are basically the neurons that Make the final decision

Question 4

What are the 4 types of Glial Cells

Answer 4

Oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath around axon)
Ependymal cells (secrete and circulate CFS)
Microglia (provide a defense against pathogens)
Astrocytes (abundant type)

Question 5

Two types of glial cells in the PNS

Answer 5

Schwann cells (envelope axons of PNS )
Satellite cells (surrounds nerve cell bodies)

Question 6

Saltatory conduction

Answer 6

Only generated at the nodes of ranvier, voltage gated ion channels are concentrated.

Question 7

Why does the size in myelinated affect the speed of nerve impulse

Answer 7

Because the Larger and myelinated the neuron the faster it goes, the smaller unMyelinated the neuron the slower it goes

Question 8

Myelin is produced by what in the CNS

Answer 8

The oligodendrocytes processes they wrap around small portions axons immediately

Question 9

Myelination in the PNS

Answer 9

Schwann cell spirals repeatedly around a axon and have no cytoplasm between layers

Question 10

Neurolemma is the

Answer 10

Thick, outtermost coil, contains Schwann cells nucleus and no cytoplasm

Question 11

Voltage value for a RMP

Answer 11

-70 before the threshold and- 55 after

Question 12

What is a multi polar neuron

Answer 12

One axon, A LOT of dendrites

Question 13

Bipolar neuron

Answer 13

One axon, one dendrite

Question 14

Unipolar is

Answer 14

One axon, 2 dendrites recieve/send signals

Question 15

Anaxonic Neuron

Answer 15

Many dendrites but no axon

Question 16

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 16

Obligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths in CNS deteriorate , have scar tissue

Question 17

Tay-Sachs desease

Answer 17

Heredity disorder seen in European Jewish ancestry (babies)
Myelin sheath is missing enzyme that degrades

Question 18

Shingles

Answer 18

Made by chickenpox, localized disease caused by virus traveling down the sensory nerves by fast retrograde when immune system is being compromised

Question 19

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 19

Loss of motor function due to degeneration dopamine-releasing neurons

Question 20

Anterograde

Answer 20

The cell uses this by the material from soma going down the axon

Question 21

Retrograde transport

Answer 21

The cell uses this by moving material toward the soma by the axon

Question 22

How does viruses hijack axon transport

Answer 22

By fast retrograde: they return used material from the synaptic vessels toward the soma to inform conditions so then, viruses use anterograde to go back down the axon.

Question 23

What is an epidural

Answer 23

Between the scheath and myelin space, it has loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and blood vessels which blocks out pain.

Question 24

Site and action of spinal tap

Answer 24

It’s in the lumbar cistern, when they need CSF for clinical procedure

Question 25

How many nerves are in the spinal cord

Answer 25

There are 31 pairs 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal

Question 26

Layers associated with nerves

Answer 26

Deep- endoneurium (loose connective tissue) Next- perineurim (overlapping cells what wrap fascicles) Outter (Epineurium wrap entire blood vessels that penetrate connective tissue)

Question 27

Where is the posterior root ganglion located

Answer 27

Contains neurosomas , Carrie’s signals to spinal nerves

Question 28

How does a plexus happen?

Answer 28

All the ramus form together a web and form a plexuses (only anterior ramus)

Question 29

The denticulate ligament

Answer 29

Anchoring spinal cord to the sides and produces by the pia matter and provides stability

Question 30

Cauda equina

Answer 30

Bundle of nerves that from a horse tail (L2-S5)

Question 31

There are specific nerves coming out of the plexuses: And no plexus:

Answer 31

Cervical: Frenic nerve form your diaphragm (can’t breath) Brachial:The arms,shoulder, neck (radial,ulner , median NO THORACIC PLEXUS

Question 32

Another name for the Autonomic NS

Answer 32

Viceseral division = Motor

Question 33

Posterior root has

Answer 33

They have sensory affected neurosomas , carry to spinal cord

Question 34

Proprioception

Answer 34

Awareness of where you are

Question 35

Brain stem

Answer 35

Medulla, Pons and midbrain

Question 36

Cerebrum

Answer 36

Lobes of the brain

Question 37

Diencephalon

Answer 37

Thalamuses: Thalmus, epithalmus, hypothalamus

Question 38

How do the right and left hemispheres connect with each other

Answer 38

Through the corpus collosum (bottom)

Question 39

CFS

Answer 39

Produce: Glial cellls (epidimal cells) Where? Coroid plexus They go? Through ventricles and drain through archnoid ventrulation

Question 40

Functions associated with the lobes

Answer 40

Frontal: making decisions Temporal: hearing processing Parietal: sensory processing Occipital: visual processing Insula: emotional regulation

Question 41

what structure ends with the spinal cord

Answer 41

The medullary cone (most inferior part) then cauda equina (bundle of nerves what are representing a horse tail)

Question 42

They are thick and fold on the cerebrum

Answer 42

Gyri

Question 43

They groove in between the gyri

Answer 43

Sulcus

Question 44

They groove deep to separate cerebral hemispheres

Answer 44

Fissure

Question 45

Synapses

Answer 45

An action potential tiggers a synaptic vesicle which has neurotransmitters to bind with plasma membrane and they release into synaptic cleft, CAM’s attach neurons together to interact with receptors, and post synaptic density is a neurotransmitter to receptors -remove neurotransmitters from receptors they need an enzyme or transport protein so they can stop stimulating.

Question 46

In the brain grey matter is

Answer 46

Outermost layer and white matter innermost

Question 47

In the spinal cord the grey matter is

Answer 47

Innermost and white matter outermost

Question 48

Layers of meninges

Answer 48

Outter : Dura matter Next: Archnoid matter Deep: Pia matter

Question 49

Rostral is

Answer 49

Toward the forehead

Question 50

Caudal

Answer 50

Toward the spine

Question 51

Action potential

Answer 51

1- Local potential goes to axon hillock 2- -70 goes into a threshold (-55) 3- Voltage gates sodium ions open and sodium goes into membrane (depolarized) -voltage gated potassium channels slowly open -sodium channels close 4- voltage peaks at 35 and sodium stops flowing, more positive inside the membrane 5- voltage gated potassium channels open (repolorized) cells flow out and it begins to be negative inside 6- potassium overpolorized (hyper polarized) 7- leakege into cell and start over

Question 52

Nerve signal in a myelinated axon

Answer 52

1- sodium inflow at node generates action potential 2- positive charge flows rapidly along axon and depolarizes mem. (Signal grows weaker) 3- Depolarization of mem at next gap opens voltage-gated sodium channels, (new action potential)