Test 4 Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
Define personality:
A
unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave
2
Q
Define character:
A
value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior
3
Q
Define Temperament:
A
enduring characteristics with which each person is born
4
Q
What are four types of perspectives in personality studies?
A
Psychoanalytical
Behavioristic
Humanistic
Trait Perspectives
5
Q
Social Cognitive theory is included in which perspective of personality study?
A
Behavioristic
6
Q
Who is the founder of the Psychoanalytical approach?
A
Sigmund Freud
7
Q
How many levels of personality does Freud believe we have?
A
3
8
Q
What are the three parts of personality according to Freud?
A
Ego
Superego
ID
9
Q
Freud’s view sees how many levels to the personality?
A
3
10
Q
What are the three levels of personality?
A
Consciousness
Preconsciousness
Unconsciousness
11
Q
Which level of consciousness are we unaware of its contents?
A
Unconscious level
12
Q
The unconscious is a storehouse of what?
A
Repressed impulses
Drives
Conflicts unavailable to the consciousness
13
Q
Why is the unconscious disguised?
A
to reduce anxiety
14
Q
how is unconscious material revealed?
A
Dreams
Some certain behaviors
Slip of the tongue
15
Q
What are the the different type of drive?
A
Eros
Libido
Thanatos
16
Q
Define Eros:
A
drives people towards acts that are sexual, life-giving, and creative
17
Q
What does Freud believe all we want to do?
A
have sex
18
Q
True/False:
Freud believes everything in life has some type of sex drive behind it.
A
true
19
Q
Define Libido:
A
drives people to experience sensual pleasures
20
Q
Define Thanatos:
A
drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors
21
Q
What is another name for Thanatos?
A
Death Drive
22
Q
What is the Id known as?
A
the beast within
23
Q
Describe the Id?
A
raw
organized
primative
24
Q
The Id attempts to reduce tension caused by what?
A
the primitive primary drive
25
The Id operates off of what?
pleasure principle
26
"If it feels good, do it." Describes what?
Pleasure principle
27
The Id demands what?
Instant gratification
28
Define ego:
the "executive" or decision-making part of the personality
29
Instant gratification in the ego is________
not always possible
30
What does ego balance?
basic desires with the objective reality of the outside world
31
What does ego operate off of?
Reality principle
32
Define reality principle:
need to satisfy the demands of the id only in ways that will not lead to negative consequences
33
Superego strives for_________
perfection
34
Superego is made of_______
"right and wrong" as defined by society
35
The conscience operates when we_______
do wrong
36
Ego-ideal is a picture of__________
perfection
37
Superego operates on what?
guilt principle
38
Is the superego realistic?
no
39
Stage approach to development says childhood is___________
important
40
Stage approach explains what?
how expereince during a particular stage predicts personality characteristics in adulthood
41
Freud said personality (psyche) developed as a result of____________
sexual development
42
Freud's stages of personality focus on what?
sexual gratification
43
Define fixation:
getting stuck to some degree in a stage of Freud's stages of development
44
What are the 5 stages of Freud's Stages of Development?
```
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
```
45
What age group is in the Oral stage?
12-18 months
46
In the oral stage what causes pleasure?
sucking
mouthing
eating
biting
47
What may lead to fixation during the oral stage?
Overindulgence or deprivation
48
What are the danger zones in the Oral stage?
feeding
pacifiers
weaning
49
What age group is in the anal stage?
1 or 1 1/2 to 3
50
Where is pleasure derived from in the anal stage?
expelling and withholding feces
51
What stage is it best to do toilet training?
anal
52
Superego develops in what stage?
anal
53
Slobs or over-neat people could have experienced problems at which of Freud's stages?
anal
54
What age group is the Phallic stage?
3-6
55
Pleasure is derived from what during the Phallic stage?
fondling with the genitals
56
The phalic stage is a ________ _________ point of development
very important
57
What complex develops during the Phallic stage?
Oedipus complex
58
Define the Oedipus complex:
sexual attraction to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy of the other parent
59
Castration Anxiety and Penis envy occur during what stage?
Phallic
60
Define castration anxiety:
fear of loosing the penis
61
Define penis envy:
the want to have a penis
62
Define identification:
defense mechanism used to combat anxiety
63
In the Phallic stage identification is used as a result of _____
penis envy
64
Gender-role socialization happens in what stage?
phallic
65
The latency stage consist of what age group?
6-puberty
66
Latency stage contains no what?
interest in sexuality
67
Psychic energy is diverted to what during the latency stage?
education and other pursuits
68
What age group makes up the genital group?
adolescence-death
69
What type of relationships are established during this stage?
mature sexual relationships
70
Define defense mechanisms:
unconscious strategies to reduce neurotic anxiety
71
Define anxiety:
intense negative emotional experience
72
During anxiety the id does what?
threaten to become uncontrollable
73
Define denial:
refusal to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation
74
Define repression:
pushing threatening or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory
75
Define rationalization:
making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior
76
Define projection;
placing one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belong to them
77
Define reaction formula:
forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one's threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts
78
Define displacement:
expressing feelings that would be threatning if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target
79
define regression:
falling back on childlike patterns as a way of coping with stressful situations
80
Define compensation:
trying to make up for areas in which a lack is perceived by becoming superior in some areas
81
Define sublimation:
turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
82
Freud's theory on personality is impossible to ______
disprove
83
Current research has found support for what 2 parts of Freud's theory?
defense mechanisms
| unconsciousness influencing conscious behaviors
84
Some of Freud's theory cannot be________
scientifically researched
85
Neo-Freudians were:
trained by Freud, but rejected some major points
86
Neo-Freudians had a greater emphasis on what?
ego
87
Neo-Freudians had less emphasis on what?
sex
88
Neo-Freudians gave more attention to what?
social factors on personality development
89
How long does personality development go on?
the entire lifespan
90
Who were 5 popular Neo-Freudians?
```
Jung
Adler
Erikson
Anna Freud
Karen Horney
```
91
What were 3 things Jung focused on?
collective unconsciousness
archetypes
dream analysis
92
Define collective unconsciousness:
memories of ancient fears and themes that seem to occur in many cultures
93
Define archetypes:
collective, universal human memories
94
What were 2 things Adler focused on?
Striving for superioty
| Inferiority complex
95
What did Erikson focus on?
Psychosocial stages of development (8 stages)
96
Anna Freud and Karen Horney focused on what?
social and cultural factors
97
Behaviorist define personality as what?
set of learned responses or habits
98
Define Habits:
sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic
99
Define social cognitive learning:
other people's behavior and one's own expectancies are important in development of personality
100
Learning approach to personality includes:
anticipating
Judging
memory
imitation of models
101
Cognitive learning consist of what 3 things:
locus of control
self-efficacy
Reciprocal Detrminism
102
Define locus of control:
tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control
103
Define self-efficacy
person's expectancy of how effective their efforts to accomplish a goal will be
104
Define Reciprocal Determinism:
give-and-take relationship
105
What does the Humanistis approach to personality say?
people are basically good, and tend to grow to higher levels of functioning
106
What is the "third force" in the humanistic view?
focus on what makes humans unique
107
Abraham Maslow theorized what?
self-actualization
108
Define self-actualization:
striving for fullfillment
109
What did Carl Rogers theorize?
fully functioning person
110
"fully functioning person" has_________
unconditional positive regard
111
A "fully functioning person" is___.
in touch with their own feelings and abilities and are able to trust their innermost urges and intuitions.
112
Ancient philosophers believed in what and how many?
humors; 4
113
Define humors:
bodily fluids that control personality by their relative abundance
114
What are the 4 humors?
blood
black bile
Phlegm
Yellow Bile
115
Define temperament:
basic, inherited personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and establishes the tempo and mood of an individual's behavior
116
Define trait:
consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
117
Trait theories attempt to do what?
predict future behavior by describing the characteristics that makes up a person's personality
118
Define surface traits:
personality traits easily seen by others
119
Define source traits:
traits that underlie surface traits
120
Introversion is a result of what?
shynes
121
How are trait theories different than other theories?
they describe, but don't explain why.
122
What are the "5 big traits"?
```
openness to experience
Conscientiousness
extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
```
123
What is a mnemonic to remember the big 5 traits?
OCEAN
124
What type of research supports the Big 5 traits?
Cross-cultural research
125
Define trait-situation interaction:
assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed
126
Biological approach to personality believes what?
important components of personality are inherited
127
Define behavior genetics:
a field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality
128
Biological theories of personality have ______ implications.
important
129
Gene studies in behavior genetics__________
yield estimates only
130
Nature vs. Nurture plays a big role in what theory of personality?
Biological theory
131
What are 4 ways to assess personality?
Interview
Projective test
Behavioral assessment
Self-Report
132
Define Halo effect:
first impressions has a huge impact on how people take you
133
Interviews consist of what?
questions
134
Who is more likely to use interviews?
Psychoanalysts
| Humanistic Therapist
135
What does Projective test consist of?
looking at ink blots
136
Who is more likely to use projective test?
psychoanalysts
137
What does a behavioral assessment consist of?
watching the subjects behavior in their natural settings
138
Who is more likely to use behavioral assessments?
Behavioral therapist
| Social Cognitive Therapist
139
What is a self-report?
questonaire that has only yes and no questions
140
Who is more likely to use a self-report?
Trait theorists
141
Define eclectic;
therapist that use a combination of the methods
142
What is the M.M.P.I.?
test honesty
| shows ten different types of personality
143
What are 3 major terms used in the legal model of mental disorders?
Insanity
Incompetence
Commitment
144
What are 5 major terms used in the medical model of mental disorders?
```
Illness
Disease
Symptoms
Hospital
Treatment
```
145
What are three treatment types for mental disorders?
Medication
Surgery
Electroshock
146
Define psychological disorder:
any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.
147
What 4 factors does psychological disorders effect?
biological
cognitive
social
behavioral
148
What are 5 symptoms of mental disorders?
```
Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Unpredictability
Unconventional/undesirable behavior
```
149
Some people's mental disorders may cause others what?
Discomfort due to the bizarre behavior
150
What are 3 major symptoms of mental disorders?
Hallucinations
Delusions
Severe Affective Disturbances
151
What is the most widely used system to classify abnormal behavior?
DSM System
152
How does the DSM system classify stuff?
by mental and behavioral symptoms
153
DSM system describes, but what does it not do?
does not attempt to suggest underlying causes of behavior
154
The DSM does what over time?
change
155
Define anhedonia:
inability to experience pleasure
156
Define anxiety disorder:
characterized by anxiety with no obvious external cause that impairs daily functioning
157
How many types of anxiety are there?
4
158
Define Phobic disorder:
intense irrational fear of specific objects or situations.
159
Phobic disorders are only disruptive if____
cannot be avoided
160
Generalization may occur in what sub-type of anxiety disorder?
Phobic
161
Define Panic Disorder:
characterized by panic attacks, intense anxiety, no indentifiable stimulus
162
Define agoraphobia:
fear of having panic attacks
163
Define generizalation anxiety disorder:
Long-term persistent anxiety and worry. (Free-floating)
164
What may result from generizalation anxiety disorder?
concentration problems
| Medical Problems
165
Define Obsessive Compulsive Disorder:
obsessions and compulsions that cause extreme axiety when prevented
166
Obsessive Compulsive Diorder behavior may look _________
extremely bizarre
167
Define Somatoform Disorder:
not psychosomatic illness
| Psychological but takes physical form
168
Does somatoform disorders have medical causes?
No
169
Define Hypochondriasis;
constant fear of illness
proccupation with health
somatoform disorder
170
How hard is hypochondiras to treat?
hard
171
Define Conversion Disorder:
actual physical symptoms, but no physical cause
| somatoform disorder
172
Conversion disorder is often_______
very dramatic
173
Conversion disorder follows what type of patterns?
unusual patterns
174
"La belle indiference" means what?
Beautiful in Difference
175
What is an example of conversion disorder?
Glove anesthesia
176
Define dissociative disorder:
"fragmentation" of the personality
| often bizarre
177
Dissociative Identity Disorder is more commonly known as?
Multiple Personality Disorder
178
Define Dissociative Identity Disorder:
a person with more than one distinct personality
| very rare
179
What are some of the differences in the personalities of a person with DID?
Likes
Dislikes
Memories
Medical Problems
180
Define Dissociative Amnesia:
significant, selective memory loss of personal info
181
What type of memory is lost in Dissociative Amnesia?
episodic memory
182
Is Dissociative Amnesia physically caused?
no
183
Define Dissociative Fugue:
when a person suddenly travels away from home and forgets how they got to their destination and forget personal info, even their name
184
Define mood disorders:
disturbances in emotional feelings strong enough to interfere with everyday living
185
Moods are _______ lasting than emotions.
longer
186
How many people in the U.S. are affected by depression?
15 million
187
Depression is also known as?
the common cold of psychiatry
188
What percentage of people experience depression sometime during their life?
6-10%
189
How many more woman then men experiences depression?
twice as many
190
Depression is _______ world wide.
increasing
191
Depression is not due to___________
any specific stressor
192
How long does a depressed mood have to last before coming clinical depression?
2 weeks
193
What type of symptoms does depression have?
physical
cognitive
emotional symptoms
194
Define Bipolar disorders:
combines depression with upswings into mania
195
When does Bipolar disorder begin?
late teens or early twenties
196
Bipolar is caused by a ________
genetic link
197
Define adjustment disorder with depressed mood:
looks similar to depression
lots of the same symptoms, not as many though
has a cause
198
Define Dysthymia:
emotional unhappiness
| can function with it normally
199
Defien Cyclothymia:
hypomania
| similar to bipolar but not as disruptive
200
Define Schizophrenia:
thought disorder
| means "split mind" between thought and feeling or thought and reality
201
Schizophrenia has ________ symptoms.
positive/negative
| Negative example: not taking a bath
202
What are 5 symptoms of Schizophrenia?
```
delusions
word salading
withdrawal
emotional disturbance
Perceptual disorder
```
203
Decline in functioning may be a result of____
Schizophrenia
204
A Schizophrenia process onset means what?
Schizophrenia slowly came to light
205
A Schizophrenia reactive onset means what?
Schizophrenia comes on all of sudden
| means Schizophrenia will be less severe
206
Define a Disorganized (Hebephrenic) Schizophrenia:
immature
silly acting
flirtatious
giggle a lot
207
Disorganized (Hebephrenic) Schizophrenia is more likely in________
women
208
Define a Catatonic Schizophrenia:
changes in psychomotor movement:
some will freeze in mid motion and stay that way for hours and possibly days. then some will fail like a fish, kind of like a seizure
209
Catatonic Schizophrenia is more likely in_____
men
210
Define Paranoid Schizophrenia:
delusional thoughts
211
Define Undifferentiated Schizophrenia:
some of all types of schizophrenia
212
Define Residual Schizophrenia:
not a bad case of schizophrenia
213
Define personality disorder:
chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control
214
Define antisocial personality disorder:
no conscious
215
People with antisocial personality disorder may have__________
good or bad social skills
216
People with antisocial personality disorder have a great need for what?
excitment
217
People with which personality disorder are more likely to become criminals?
antisocial personality disorde
218
Define Borderline Personality disorder:
right at having a major mental illness
219
People with Borderline personality disorder are very likely to do what?
commit suicide in non lethal ways that look bizarre
220
Define Narcissistic Personality Disorder:
self absorbed
