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Patterns in Prehistor > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Copper Age

A

4600-2000 BC

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2
Q

Copper

A
  • abundant in south east Europe (also gold)
  • independent invention
  • copper axes
  • status symbol
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3
Q

Varna

A
  • Bulgaria
  • 4600-4200 BC
  • 3,000 gold artifacts found in graves
  • had a lot of gold but they loved to show it off- still a prestige good that represents power and status
  • very early site for so much gold
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4
Q

plow

A
  • fundamental improvement of farming technologies
  • impacts how much land can be cultivated by a family
  • began in south East Europe
  • utilization of animals
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5
Q

Bell Beaker

A
  • 2700-200 BC
  • Western Europe
  • same pottery in little pockets around western Europe
  • probably small aspect of bigger picture- rituals
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6
Q

Otzi

A
  • “the ice man”
  • 3350-3300 BC
  • from Austrian Italian border
  • found in 1991 by hikers in a glacier
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7
Q

Bronze Age

A
  • 2700-1000BC
  • long distance trade networks
  • social hierarchy becomes more pronounced
  • warriors and/or traders as elites
  • changes in burial practices through time
  • social organization: chiefdoms
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8
Q

flint knapping

A

copper tools

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9
Q

Trade

A
  • long distance trade networks
  • copper, tin, bronze
  • tools: axes, adzes
  • weapons: daggers, swords, spearheads, shields
  • clothing: brooches, pins, fibulae
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10
Q

Iron Age

A

-1000-51 BC

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11
Q

Indus Valley Civilization

A

Harappan civilization

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12
Q

Features of Harappan Cities

A

-Citadel: raised area for public and religious
+Citadel of Mohenjodaro
->pop: 30,000-40,000 people
-gridlike street plan
-buildings made from uniformly sized bricks
-infrastructure for water provisioning and drainage (sewers)
-walls surrounding the city
+flood protection rather than military defense

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13
Q

Harappan Civilization: Character

A

-craftsmanship

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14
Q

Harappan Civilization: Collapse: Causes

A

-collapse: 1700BC
-Theories
+foreign invaders (Aryans)—–>unlikely
+environmental changes
-tectonic uplift—–>Saraswati River dries up
-recurrent catastrophic

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15
Q

Post Harappan India: Ganges River Cities

A
  • Millet & rice
  • iron adopted around 1000BC
  • 600-150 BC: Early Historic Cities
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16
Q

Hinduism

A
  • takes form in early historic cities
  • replaced by Buddhism
  • Hinduism takes over again later on
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17
Q

Mauryan Empire

A
  • 321-185 BC

- founded by Chandragupta Maurya

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18
Q

Buddhism

A
  • Siddharta Gautama (Buddha) (563?-483?BC)
  • spreads through northern India and becomes dominant religion
  • eclipses and Hinduism takes over later on
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19
Q

Angkorian Empire=Khmer Empire

A

-c.802-1430
-Jayavarman II establishes the state at the banks of the Tonle Sap
-Cities in the Khmer World
+religious centers
+economic centers
+replicas of Indic universe (Mt. Meru, sacred oceans)

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20
Q

Angkor Wat

A
  • Cambodia
  • 1117 AD
  • Suryavarman II
  • burial temple in his honor
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21
Q

Yangshao Culture

A

-5,000-3000BC
-yellow river valley (Huang He)
-Traits include:
+millet, pig, dog for consumption
+swidden cultivation
+ground stone industry
+varied ceramic industry
+bone tool industry
+increased village complexity and shared cemeteries
+inhumation in mass graves, status differentiation

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22
Q

Longshan Culture

A

-3000-2000BC
-coastal: hollow tripods, black ceramics, asymmetrical cutting tools
-northern: globular jars, basins, cord-marked pottery, prismatic projectile points
-lower yangzi basin: duo pedestal led bowls, ring footed vessels, solid tripods
+all date to same age, so not chronology, but regionalism

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23
Q

Xia

A

=Erlitou?

-historical accounts match carbon dates

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24
Q

Erlitou Culture

A

China’s first Bronze Culture

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25
Shang Dynasty
- 1600-1046 BCE - first fully literate Chinese society - 7 capital cities, 3 known archeologically (Bo, Ao, Anyang) in Henan
26
Zhou Dynasty
-1100-222 BCE -divided into western (1100-722 BCE) and Eastern period -only 3 differences than Shang +succession through primogeniture and intensive patriarchy +Zhou clan exogamy vs. Shang endogamy +new ancestral temple plans -Wester "barbarians" who conquer Shang by sheer military force -Archeological sequence doesn't show a Shang phase -Emergence of the major religions/philosophies: Daoism, legalism, confucianism
27
Qinshihuangdi
- meaning "Qin, First August Lord (emperor)" of all under heaven - Qin Dynasty: 221-206 BCE - total unification of China by Zheng who conquered Han, Zhou, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Qi
28
Taklamakan Mummies
-unknown origins
29
Toltecs
- AD900-1200 - postclassic period - came from the North
30
Tenochtitlan
- 1325-1521 - underneath Mexico City - cannot excavate
31
Aztec Codices
- important source of evidence - pre-columbian and colonial-era - depicted scenes of myths, daily life, etc. - Spaniards burned a lot of them - made by Aztecs for Spaniards
32
Aztec Empire
- 1431-1519 | - triple alliance: Tenochtitlan, Tlacopan, Texcoco
33
Aztecs
- 1100-1521 - one of several groups of Nahua speakers - called themselves Mexica - Aztec Empire--->triple alliance
34
Chinampas
- labor intensive to maintain - could produce up to 7 crops a year on each - ancient technological break through - extremely productive
35
Education of Aztecs
- children went to school until 14 (mandatory) | - learned writing, theology, military
36
Military Organization of Aztecs
-social advancement through military -rigid class structure (mobility through military only) -took captives +helped with advancement +human sacrifice (cannibalism)
37
The Spanish Conquista
-1519-1521 -Hernan Cortes meets Moctezuma II -allies himself w/ one of Aztecs long standing enemies +hostilities break out >kill ruler >flee, reorganize and seize Tenochtitlan
38
Dresden Codex
- one of 3-4 surviving books (called codices) | - unlike the end of the Bronze age, Maya writing continued long past the end of the building of monumental architecture
39
Diego de Landa
- 1562: led inquisition, burning books and iconography | - today: illiteracy rates among Maya peoples are high
40
The Long Count
- creation at 13 baktuns, or August 11, 3114 BCE - "history"/ events recorded by time since creation - tracks days (kin), months (uinal), years (tun), etc. - 20 days per month/ uinal 18 monte per "year"/ tun - this long count reached 13 bak tuns at Dec. 20, 2012 - Maya calendar
41
Corbeled Vault
-less interior space than keystone arches | +Palenque, Cahal Pech, Copan
42
cenotes
- sinkholes in limestone Yucatan | - post-classic Chichen Itza
43
Why settle in the Andean Civilizations?
- marine life was important and ideal for development - rivers--->ideal for irrigation systems - feel impact of El Nino - interactions between lowlands and highlands
44
Caral
>2600-2000 BC, preceramic - in Suppe valley - city (capital) - part of a bunch of cities that are smaller - practicing some agriculture - fishing - some monumental agriculture
45
Quipu
- 2500-2000 BC - recording system (mainly mathematical) - threads of cotton and wool with knots that could be read, probably for collecting data
46
Chavin de Huantar
- 850-200BC - in highlands - influence extended along the coast
47
Lanzon
-statue found in religious center of Andean civilizations
48
Paracas
- c.800 BC- AD100 | - large cemeteries in Andean civilizations
49
mummies
- dry environment---> remarkable preservation | - wrapped bodies in bundles of textiles sitting up or crouching
50
Textile Production
- remarkable weavers | - cotton and wool (from llamas and alpacas)
51
Moche
-c.200 BC- AD700 -monumental building are important -cemetaries show social differentiation -famous for ceramics +caused looting (very desirable)
52
Sipan
- AD 400 | - found 3 unlooted elite tomb
53
warrior priest
-rulers in the Andean region tied themselves to El Nino
54
Temple of Kalasasaya
a vast sunken court and platform at Tiwanaku
55
Wari
- c. AD 500-900 - An urban and ceremonial center in the highlands - Wari people: expert traders
56
Huaca Loro
-pyramid of Sícan culture, Peru, containing elite male burial
57
Chan Chan
- capital of the Chimu state | - a huge complex of walled compounds
58
Guaman Poma
-a native Peruvian who wrote a lengthy account of Spanish conquest and rule (1613)
59
Ayllu
-Incan kin groups who were protected by the same ancestors
60
Split inheritance
you inherit the rulers position, but not his assets
61
Atahualpa
ruler at the time of Pizarro’s arrival
62
Olmec Civilization
- Primary Civilization - Revered by later Mesoamerican groups - Origins of religion? - Kinship systems - Debate if “mother culture”
63
Unetice Culture
- Central Europe - Earliest use of bronze (2500 BC) - Inhumation, large cemeteries – flat and mound graves – social hierarchy
64
Urnfield Cultures 

-Central Europe -Innovation in burial practices -Chariots and wagon burials -Fortified villages -Helmets, shields, body armor -> +elite warriors

Patterns in Prehistor (4 decks)

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