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ENVIORNMENTAL SCIENCE TEST 1 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

enrichment

A

the process by which uranium ore is refined after mining to increase the concentration of fissionable (splitting of one atom into two smaller atoms)

uranium -235 is used for fission and is very small compared to U-238 so it needs to enrich (be refined after mining to increase concentration)

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2
Q

fission

A

On heavy nucleus splitting into two lighter ones releasing energy

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3
Q

fluidized- bed combustion

A

a clean coal technology in which crushed coal is mixed with limestone to neutralize acidic compounds produced during combustion

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4
Q

high level radioactive wastes

A

radio active solids, liquids, or gases that give off small amounts of ionizing radiation

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5
Q

nuclear energy

A

the energy that released by nuclear fission or fusion

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6
Q

surface mining

A

the extraction of mineral and energy resources near earth’s surface by first removing the soil, subsoil, and overlying rock srata

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7
Q

subsurace mining

A

the extraction of mineral and energy resources from deep underground deposits

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8
Q

petrochemicals

A

compounds that can be converted to products such as fertilizers plastics, paints, pesticides, medicines.

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9
Q

petroleum refining

A

the compounds separated into different products like gases, jet fuel, heating oil, diesel, and

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10
Q

what hydrocarbons does petroleum and natural gas have?

A

methane, butane, propane, ethane

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11
Q

liquified petroleum gas

A

propane and butane separated from natural gas and stored in tanks as liquids and used in rural areas as furl for heating and cooking.

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12
Q

surface mining control and reclamation act (SMCRA)

A

set standards for mines to follow during operation closure and reclamation

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13
Q

acid deposition

A

nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides reating with water making acid.

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14
Q

petroleum/ crude oil

A

a liquid composed of hundreds of oxides and removes sukfur from the coal
produces more heat than coal and it reduces co2 per unit of electricity being produced

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15
Q

The clean air act of amendments of 1990

A

provide incentives (initiate for proactive action) for utility companies to cinver clean coal technologies

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16
Q

continental shelves

A

flat underwater areas that surround continents and adjacent .

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17
Q

hydraulic fracturing

A

Injection of pressurized water and chemicals to break apart natural trapped in deep layers of shale

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18
Q

oil pollution act

A

legislation that establishes liability for damages to natural resources resulting from a catastrophic oil spill. also trust fund that pays to clean up spills when the responsible people can not.

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19
Q

Where are oil and natural gas most abundant?

A

In the Persian gulf region

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20
Q

what are three environmental problems associated with using oil and natural gas as energy resources?

A

oil and natural gas produce co2 in the air then increases levels of

carbon dioxide and increase temperature in the atmosphere.
transportation in pipelines or ocean in tanks that can lead to potential leaks like oil= effects aquatic ecosystems and natural gas = can cause explosion

combustion of oil that lead to aci decomposition (chemiclas reacting with water that produce acid chemicals= photochemical smog

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21
Q

acid mine drainage

A

pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials, such as lead, arsenic and cadmium, wash from coal and metal mines to near by lakes and streams

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22
Q

Fusion

A

Two light nuclei joining to form a heavier one

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23
Q

Proton

Negatively charged or positively charged ?

A

Positively charged

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24
Q

Electrons

Negatively charged or positively charged

A

Negatively charged

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25
Neutrons
Neutral
26
Uranium ore
Mineral fuel used in power plants. Non renewable resource
27
U-238
Makes up 99% or uranium
28
U-235 a) ___% of uranium b) where is it used
0.71% of uranium Used in fission reactions releases heat-- converts water into steam
29
Fuel rods
Closed pipes 12 ft long | Used to receive uranium pallets
30
4 main parts of nuclear power plant
1. Reactor core 2. Steam generator 3. Turbine 4.condenser
31
Reactor core
Where nuclear fission occurs
32
Steam generator
The steam generator is used to produce steam to form liquid | After (Heat produced by fission)
33
Turbine
Generates electricity
34
Condenser | Of the 4 main parts of the power plant
Cools the steam, converting to liquid water
35
Spent fuel
Used fuel elements that were irradiated in nuclear reactors
36
Meltdown
When uranium fuel melts due to high temperatures and releases radiation
37
Melt down
In High temperatures the metal encasing (closed in on metal pipes ?) can cause uranium to melt and releases radiation
38
Meltdown
When uranium fuel melts due to high temperatures and releases radiation
39
Melt down
In High temperatures the metal encasing (closed in on metal pipes ?) can cause uranium to melt and releases radiation
40
Fly ash
by product (waste) from burning coal that is stuck onto electrostatic precipitators
41
Our most common fuels:
oil and natural gas (60%) coal (2nd) nuclear (third) renewables (fourth but rising)
42
in developing nations: how is coal combusted? old or new tech? What does it effect the most?
a) old technology | b) air, water and ground contamination
43
In developed nations: a) how is coal burned and using what technology? b) What does it remove? c) what does it release? d) what does it produce?
a) coal is burned using scrubbers through electrostatic precipitators that... b) removes particulate, sulfur, and mercury c) releases carbon dioxide and d) produces fly ash
44
what is the most common dusk mask?
PM5.. or all PM2.5 will pass through and be inhaled
45
what is the negative outcome of using more fuel in people's houses?
asthma and bronchial diseases rates were high
46
How does fine particles travel through our system? who does it impact the most? does it impact cities or rural?
fine particles can travel deep into lungs it impacts children and the elderly it impacts cities
47
what is the most energy source used globally? | It is cheap or expensive?
COAL | it is cheap
48
Coal is responsible for:
CO2 emission --- greenhouse gasses SOx / NOx emissions heavy metals (mercury) fly ash
49
electrostatic precipitators does not burn off carbon dioxide
iii
50
What are the PM2.5 impacts
because of increased sulfates, ozone and particulate matter increased asthma, bronchial and cardiac problems
51
where is per capita consumption higher?
developed countries
52
31% of energy is used for....
Industry
53
41% of energy is consumed by...
buildings... home and offices
54
28% of energy is used for ...
transportation
55
in developing countries, which is higher in energy use? | industry or household?
househols
56
Where is there the largest deposits of fossil fuel? | A.G.R.I.C.U.S.
Australia, Germany, russia, china, united states, south Africa
57
U.S has ___ of the world's coal deposits
25%
58
which is safer for miners and less expensive?
surface mining
59
subsurface mining has ___% of coal mined in U.S
40%
60
local environmental impacts of coal mines
top soil loss land slides acid and toxic mineral drainage
61
what does topsoil loss do?
causes erosion + prevents restoration
62
land slides
occur due to loss of soil stability of vegetation + and fill streams and valleys
63
mountain top removal
most destructive mining methods cut off the mountain tops of mountains leveled 15-25% of mountain tops in southern virginia
64
chilean mining accident
22 miners trapped 2,300 ft underground. top collapsed no air food water or contact with outside 3 shafts were drilled in to save them
65
Marikana platinum mine, south africa
34 people killed over fog
66
a) what are some technologies that clean coal? | b) What do they do?
a) scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators,filters, fluidized bed combustion b) removes sulfur from admission c)
67
coal makes up ___% of energy source
21%
68
Nuclear power makes up makes up ___%
9%
69
what are some natural gas compromised of ?
hydrocarbons methane (a hydrocarbon) ethane (2 carbons) propane, butane liquified patrol
70
Natural gas uses
electricity generation transportation commercial cooling and plastics fertilizer production
71
Where are more than half of oil reserves located?
in Persian gulf
72
environmental impacts of oil
co2 production contributes to global warming acid deposition photochemical smog nitrogen oxides
73
environmental impacts of natural gas
clean no sulfur releases far less carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons
74
global oil production will peak around ....
2030
75
what are the two types of nuclear reactions
fission and fussion
76
radio active wastes
low level and high level
77
high level radiation
Large amounts of energy | produced during nuclear fission in reactors
78
Congregation
Natural gas is used to produce electricity and steam | The heat of the exhaust gases provides energy for make steam for water and space heating
79
oil and natural gas disadvantages a) located far or close? b) cost __x times. is it ____ (more or less) than ______ c) must be returned to ____ state at ____ d) there are only ___ plants and we need ___ plants (power plants)
a) deposits are located far from where they are needed b) cost 4x more and is more than crude oil c) must be returned to a gaseous state at regasification plnats d) there are only 4 and we need 40 power plants
80
global oil will production will peak around _____ (what year)?
2035
81
Natural gas is plentiful and will continue to arise for 10 more years.what year?_____
2045
82
about half of NATURAL GAS reserves are in ____
Russia and and Iran
83
are oil and natural gas evenly distributed or unevenly distributed?
unevenly distributes
84
what are somer risks associated with transporting natural gas and oil?
leaks and spills
85
what happens when coal is burned ? a) what does it release? b) what does it react with and where c) then what does it produce
a) it releases nitrogen and sulfuric oxides - b) then reacts with water in the atmosphere c) it produces acid decomposition nitrous and sulfuric acids
86
a) Russia has the ____ amount of _____
most amount of natural gas
87
eastern Europe has the ____ amount of ____
least amount of natural gas
88
what is methane primarily used for?
heating for residential and commercial building and generating electricity
89
nuclear PROS: its from ___ products what does it not emitt?
uranuim mined products | it doesn't emit nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides,metals, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons a=and particulate matter
90
what are the CONS of nuclear? b) name some a) name the accidents
a) 3 mile island, chernobyl, ukraine, fukushima, and japan b) bombs NIMBY sites
91
What are some major oil spill in the US?
Exxon Valdez | deep water horizon
92
what happened in the deep water horizon? a) _____(number of barrels)... where did it spill? b) what did it destroy (think of where it spilled )
a) 4 million barrels of crude oil and it spilled on the Gulf of mexico b) destroyed fisheries, wildlife and ecosystem (aquatic eco system)
93
exxon valdez super tanker 1989 a) how many barrels spilled and of what b) who did it effect c) did cleaning up oil help at all? d) did degration restoration take place?
a) 10.9 barrels of crude oil spilled b) birds and sea otters died aquatic animals died c) even after cleaning, the water was still contaminated d) little degradation took place because of cold weather
94
what is the earth's most damaging oil spill
persian gulf
95
what kind of disasters could MELTING cause?
water can boil off and release radioactivity via explosions of lost to ground water (melted furl rods)
96
what are some nuclear disasters?
chernobyl ukraine three mile usa fukushima daiichi, japan
97
Chernobyl, Urkraine a) the IEAE nuclear and radiological rated this disaster a __. b) what did the explosion release? c) what occurred d) where did it spread out to?
a) 7 b) explosions ripped apart and release radio active material . c) Melt down occurred d) spread out to surrounding area
98
three miles island usa a) what kind disaster (nuclear or oil) b) where did it occur c) what fucking happened
a) it's a nuclear disaster b) in Pennsylvania c) radioactive material was kept contained
99
Fukushima Daiichi, Japan a) what kind of disaster was it ( nuclear or oil) b) ___ of six reactor had ____ c) contamination to ______ and ____ d) what kind of contamination occurred and what did it effect
a tsunami after a 9.0 earth quake disrupted normal back upreactor cooling systems a) 4 of 6 b) ocean and local land areas c) aquatic contamination of radioactive activities and limited sea food business and for decades
100
link between nuclear energy and nuclear weapons
fission | countries with nuclear plants have access to nuclear weapons
101
nuclear waste nightmare | a) what happened over the last 3 decades?
soviet (russian) practices have violated international standards - billions of gallons of radioactive waste pumped directly underground - health and environmental damages are unknown
102
``` Natural gas emits less ___ carbon dioxide ___ hydrocarbons ___ carbon monoxide ___ toxic emissions ```
``` 33 80-90 70 90 %%%%%%% ```
103
Which fuel causes the most carbon dioxide release per pound burned ?
Coal
104
It is estimated that the world has sufficient coal reserves to last for more than___ years
100 years
105
Clean coal technologies are used for
Source reduction
106
Every gasoline burned in auto mobiles releases about ___ pounds of carbon dioxide into air
20
107
Which nuclear wastes would require the most secure and careful long term storage
Spent fuel components
108
3 components in the nuclear reactor
Fuel elements- come in thin rods and contain fissiable nuclei Moderator - slow down energy neutrons in reactor. Moderate them Control rods - triggers chain reaction. Controls the spare neutrons that speed the fission reaction
109
Nuclear bombardment
Used to trigger the fission reaction

ENVIORNMENTAL SCIENCE TEST 1 (6 decks)

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