Test 4 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
The only design that allows for conclusion of cause and effect
A
experimental designs
2
Q
The gold standard for EBP
A
experimental design
3
Q
Similar to experimental design, assignment to groups is not random. Evidence of cause and effect is not as strong as a result
A
quasi-experimental design
4
Q
Studies of intact groups:
A
case/control
ex post facto
causal-comparative
5
Q
measurement of a group over time
A
time series designs
6
Q
independent variable manipulated at some point in time, group serves as its own control
A
time series designs
7
Q
enables researcher to determine effectiveness of intervention & quantify timing of effects
A
time series designs
8
Q
Enables inference of results from a carefully selected sample to an overall population
A
inferential analysis
9
Q
quantifies the potential effects of error on the results
A
inferential analysis
10
Q
Statistical tests in quantitative analysis are selected:
A
a priori
11
Q
Type of analysis is driven by:
A
goals of the analysis
assumptions of the data
number of variables in the analysis
12
Q
Based on the assumption that the data fall into a specific distribution, usually the normal distribution
A
parametric
13
Q
Specific to data that is not normally distributed
A
non-parametric
14
Q
a single variable (descriptive and summary statistics, single dependent variable or one group)
A
univariate
15
Q
two variables (relationship between two variables such as correlation, single variable predicts an outcome)
A
bivariate
16
Q
Simultaneous analysis of multiple variables (greater than two) (multiple predictors on a single outcome or multiple factors on multiple outcomes, multiple groups and several effects)
A
multivariate
17
Q
indicates that the probability the results are due to chance is very low
A
very low p-value
18
Q
indicates that the test has statistical significance
A
low p-value
19
Q
gives inferential analysis its strength
A
comparison of differences to standard error
Calculation of the probability of error
20
Q
determines if the intervention has an effect that is real
A
statistical significance
21
Q
quantify if the difference is important
A
clinical significance
22
Q
Reflects the extent to which an intervention can make a real difference in patients’ lives
A
clinical significance
23
Q
statistics that inform the importance of findings
A
confidence intervals
minimum important difference
effect size
24
Q
this sample statistic equals the population parameter
A
estimation
25
the range of numbers we believe will include the population parameter
interval estimate
26
allows for determination of the amount of uncertainty in the estimate
statistical estimation
27
Two numerical values defining an interval that we believe, with an identified level of confidence, actually includes the estimated population parameter
confidence interval
28
Show the range of possible differences in effect by intervention
Help the nurse determine whether the observed differences suggest true benefits, or just minor change
Reported in the same relative scale as the outcome itself
confidence interval
29
Common ways to find the _____ include:
Compare the change in the outcome to some other measure of chance
Compare the change to a sampling distribution to determine its probability
Consult an expert panel
Minimum important difference
30
is the size of the differences between experimental and control groups
effect size
31
If a difference is detected, may be due to:
Experimental treatment caused the effect
| Sampling error caused the effect (chance)
32
We ____ prove the experiment caused the difference
cannot
33
We ____ estimate the probability it was caused by error
can
34
determines whether the differences in mean values between two groups are statistically significant or clinically important:
z or t test
35
appropriate for large samples or testing a population
z test
36
for small samples
t test (30 or less)
37
____ are best for identifying patient preferences, aggregating clinician experiences, and for identifying trends in the recommendations of clinical experts.
qualitative studies
38
The goal of qualitative inquiry
to identify the meaning of a phenomenon, event, or experience for an individual.
39
Used for exploratory questions to establish basic knowledge
descriptive qualitative study
40
Used to extract meaning
| Emphasizes process and context in understanding an experience
Interpretive qualitative study
41
qualitative designs have a ____ design
emergent
42
Data gathered directly from informants, through observation, or from documents
Questions that reflect exploration of perceptions
Constant comparison analysis
Qualitative designs
43
Research that is applied to discover the meaning and interpretations of events, phenomena, or experiences by studying cases intensively in natural settings and by subjecting data to analytic interpretation.
constructivist research
44
informants chosen who can best inform the question
purposeful sampling strategy
45
Emergent analytic process that evolves
| - Coding units of meaning into themes
constant comparison
46
detailed descriptions
field notes
47
Qualitative data is based on ______ rather than ___ and ____
trustworthiness
reliability
validity
48
types of triangulation
Data source triangulation
Investigator triangulation
Theory triangulation
Method triangulation
49
goals of qualitative analysis
Reduce the data to meaningful units that can be described, interpreted, reported
To organize and produce structure to the data collected
To draw out the meaning from the information and develop themes
50
qualitative analysis challenges
No single standard or guideline for the analytic process
Enormous quantity of data is generated that must be reviewed and summarized
Balancing rich description with focus and length limitations
51
A method of analysis that involves the review of data as they are gathered and comparison of new data to what has been interpreted, in order to support reject earlier conclusions.
constant comparison
52
Common Qualitative Analytic Styles
template analysis
editing analysis
immersion/crystallization
53
The Phases of Qualitative Analysis
Comprehending
Synthesizing
Theorizing
Recontextualizing
54
Reflection on the data
Explication of themes
Discernment of patterns that form the “essence of the experience”
Phenomenology
55
Generate categories of meaning
Position each category in a theoretical model demonstrating relationships
Create a story from the interconnectedness of the categories
Add informants as the theory unfolds to illuminate and/or refute specific conclusions
Grounded Theory
56
Triangulation of multiple sources of information
| Use of thick description to draw conclusions
Ethnography
57
Criteria for Trustworthiness
Credibility
Dependability
Confirmability
Transferability
58
Quantitative analysis can be used for:
determine effects of an intervention
Measure the relationships between variables
Detect changes over time
59
PICO stands for:
Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
60
Studies of cause and effect similar to experimental designs but using convenience samples or existing groups to test interventions.
quasi-experimental designs
61
An intact group design that involves categorization of subjects into groups. An outcome of interest is measured and differences are attributed to the differences in classification of subects.
Causal-comparative
62
The strongest type of quasi-experimental design in which subject responses in two or more groups are measured before and after an intervention
nonequivalent comparison group before/after design
63
An intact-group design that relies on observation of the relationships between naturally occurring differences in the intervention and outcome.
Ex post facto research
64
A type of quasi-experimental design in which data are collected after the intervention is introduced. Lack of baseline data may introduce extraneous variables in the results.
nonequivalent comparison group posttest only
65
An intact-group design that involves observation of subjects who exhibit a characteristic matched with subjects who do not. Differences between the subjects allow study of relationships between risk and disease without subjecting healthy individuals to illness
case-control study
66
Highly strutured studies of cause and effect applied to determine effectiveness of an intervention
experimental design
67
A type of quasi-experimental design in which only one group receives the intervention; an outcome is measured repeatedly over time
time-series designs
68
A subgroup of the sample of a quasi-experimental design from which the intervention is withheld. Subjects are similar to and compared with the experimental group, but are not randomly assigned.
comparison group
69
A error that is drectly affected by variability and indirectly affected by sample size
standard error
70
Statistical tests that make no assumptions about the distribution of the data
nonparametric tests
71
A statistic used to represent a population parameter
point estimate
72
The categories that make up factors in an ANOVA
levels
73
statistical tests that are able to yield reliable results even if their underlying assumptions are violated
robust tests
74
Independent variables in an ANOVA that are measured as categories
factors
75
Variable that is not a part of the central study, but do exert an effect on the outcome
extraneous variables
76
The primary difference between quasi-experimental and experimental designs is:
the lack of random assignment to tx groups
77
time-series designs are sometimes considered ____
quasi-experimental
78
___ ____ answers the question "What is going on?"
descriptive analysis
79
___ _____ answers the question "Are you sure?"
inferential analysis
80
an analysis of differences that occur between samples and populations, between groups, or over time because something changed.
inferential analysis
81
the p-value represents:
the probability that the results were due to standard error
82
low p-value =
statistical significance
83
clinical significance is determined if the ___ is within the ___
MID; confidence intervale
84
ANOVA stands for:
analysis of variance
85
used in a preliminary way to establish basic knowledge about a groups' or individual's response to health and illness
descriptive qualitative research
86
involves extracting meaning from data in ways that require inductive thought on the part of the researcher
interpretive qualitative research
87
emphasizes understanding the meaning that individuals ascribe to their actions and to the reactions of others
interpretive qualitative research
88
another word for qualitative research
constructivist research
89
grounded in the assumption that individuals construct reality in the form of meaning and interpretation
constructivist research
90
useful for determining the effectiveness of an intervention
quantitative research
91
useful for describing the acceptability of an intervention
qualitative research
92
based on a set of preestablished set of selection criteria and a systematic appraisal of study quality
qualitative meta-synthesis
93
encompasses both qualitative and quantitative studies, resulting in a practice guideline that incorporates elements of both types of research
integrative review
94
researchers specifically state questions; not objectives, aims, or hypotheses
qualitative research
95
research quality designs are sometimes called ___ when they refer to qualitative approaches
traditions
96
Occurs when the researcher identifies criteria for the type of informant most likely to illuminate the research question, actively seeks out these individuals, and personally invites their participation.
purposeful selection
97
involves sampling participants who meet certain inclusion criteria and then stratifying them according to age, gender, ethcicity, and other criteria
stratified purposeful sampling
98
The results of the study represent the realities of the participants as musch as possible
credibility
99
the researcher attempts to enhance objectivity by reducing bias in methods and procedures
confirmability
100
repetition of the study with similar subjects in similar circumstances results in consistent findings
dependability
101
results can be transferred to situations with similar subjects and settings
transferability
102
A sensitiviity to the ways in which the researcher and the research process have shaped the data; based on introspection and acknowledgment of bias
reflexivity
103
investment of sufficient time in the data collection process so that the research gains an in-depth understanding of the culture, language, or views of the group under study
prolonged engagement
104
enhancing credibility by cross-cheking information and conclusions, using multiple data sources, using multiple research methods or researchers to study the phenomenon, or using multiple theories and perspectives to interpret the data
triangulation
105
a type of triangulation in which multiple data sources are used in a study
data source triangulation
106
a type of triangulation in which more than one person is used to collect, analyze, or interpret a set of data
investigator triangulation
107
involves gaining and using multiple perspectives from other researchers or published literature
theory triangulation
108
entails the use of multiple data collection methods
method triangulation
109
Asking paritcipants to review and comment on the accuracy of transcripts, interpretations, or conclusions.
member checking
110
A thorough, conscientious reflection on and documentation of the decisions that were made, the procedures that were designed, and the questions that were addressed during analysis
audit trail
111
qualitative research has a __ focus
subjective
112
intense study of a single subject or small group of subjects
case research method
113
interpretation of the meaning in verbal responses or in documents
content analysis
114
Designs that rely on data collected via interviews or document analysis and that use interpretive coding to arrive at themes and patterns.
content analysis
115
useful for understanding the way in which patients react and respond to both everyday experiences and unique events
phenomenology
116
The goal is to develop rich, detailed, insightful descriptions of the way individuals react to the experiences in their lives.
phenomenology
117
A process that occurs when an observer has extended contact with the subjects of a study. The subjects revert to natural behaviors and come to disregard that observer's presence
habituation
118
Intent is to discover a pattern of reactions, interactions, and relationships among people and their concerns
grounded theory
119
provides evidence about the ways people react and interact with one another and with their own health and illness.
grounded theory
120
The degree to which descriptive information such as events, subjects, setting, time, and places are accurately reported.
descriptive validity
121
Thedegree to which participants' viewpoitns, thoughts, intentions,a nd experiences are accurately understood and reported by the qualitative researcher
interpretive validity
122
The degree to which a theory or theoretical explanation informing or developed from a research study fits the data and, therefore, is credible and defensible
theoretical validity
123
The degree to which an evaluative framework or critique is applied to the object of study
evaluative validity
124
involves the selection of a second sample of informants with less restrictive criteria to encourage diverse viewpoints to emerge
theoretical sampling
125
geared toward interpretation of text to find meaningful segments.
editing analysis
126
reduced to the fewest components; the simplest model that will demonstrate a concept
parsimonious
127
A qualitative data analysis and cognitive process undertaken by the researcher to search for meaning that may lead to a theory
recontextualizing
128
Occurs when the researcher attempts to make sense of the data that have been collected an get a sense of the overall tone.
comprehending
129
Leads the researcher to sift through the data using inductive reasoning to put the pieces of the puzzle together
synthesizing
130
Brings the researcher to the point of what he or she believes has truly emerged from the data
theorizing
131
A system of organizing data into preset categories to allow for examination and further analysis
schematic
132
labels, descriptions, or definitions assigned to data to allow them to be categorized and analyzed in qualitative research.
codes
133
implicit, recurring, and unifying ideas derived from the raw data in qualitative research
themes
134
An external check on credibility of results in which objective peers with expertise in the qualitative method of analysis review and explore various aspects o the data
peer debriefing
135
A measure of interrate or intercoder reliability between two raters or coders. The test yields the percentage of agreement and the probabilty of error.
Cohen's kappa
136
A review of data and relevant documents, procedures, and results by an external reviewer
inquiry audit
137
A detailed description of the researcher's decision rules for data categorization and inferences made in the analysis
decision trail
