Test 4 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What does the urinary system include?
A
2 kidneys
2 ureters
bladder
urethra
2
Q
ductless endocrine glands;
not related to urinary system;
secretes epinephrine and cortical hormones
A
Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands
3
Q
Which kidney is lower than the other?
why?
A
Right, because of the liver
4
Q
Which kidney is slightly longer and more narrow?
A
Left
5
Q
In relation to the vertebrae, where does the kidney usually extend in a sthenic person?
A
superior border of T-12 to transverse processes of L-3
6
Q
What is the outer-covering of the kidney, continuous with outer coat of ureter?
A
Renal Capsule
7
Q
Where is the hilum located?
Why?
A
on the medial border;
to allow the transmission of blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and ureters
8
Q
What does the hilum extend to form?
A
renal sinus
9
Q
outer portion of the kidney
A
renal cortex
10
Q
what are the extensions of renal cortex?
A
renal columns
11
Q
inner portion of the kindey
A
renal medulla
12
Q
contains 8-12 renal pyramids, drains toward the renal sinus
A
renal medulla
13
Q
Approximately how many nephrons does each kidney contain?
A
1 million
14
Q
essential microscopic components of the kidney, functioning cell of the kidney
A
nephron
15
Q
nephrons consists of what 2 things?
A
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
16
Q
renal corpuscle consists of what 2 things?
A
glomerular capsule
glomerulus
17
Q
formed by tiny branches of renal artery entering the capsule and dividing into capillaries
A
glomerulus
18
Q
vessel Entering Bowman’s capsule
A
afferent arteriole
19
Q
vessel Leaving Bowman’s capusle
A
efferent arteriole
20
Q
3 portions of renal tubule
A
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
21
Q
what does the distal convoluted tubule open into?
A
collecting ducts
22
Q
3 functions of kidneys
A
filter blood maintain electrolyte balance produce renin (regulates BP)
23
Q
cup-shaped stems that enclose one or more papilla
A
calyces
24
Q
#? ______ calyces unite to form __#?__ ____ calyces
A
12-14 minor calyces unite to form 2-3 major calyces
25
major calyces unite to form ?
renal pelvis
26
where is the renal pelvis located?
hilum
27
where does the renal pelvis transition to the ureter
uteteropelvic junction (UPJ)
28
how long is the ureter?
10-12 in.
29
what long and wide is the kidney?
4.5 in. long and 2-3 in. wide
30
conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder
ureters
31
reservoir for urine
urinary bladder
32
in relation to the pubic symphysis, where is the bladder located?
immediately posterior and superior
33
what is the lowest and most fixed part of the bladder
neck
34
where is the neck of the bladder located in males? females?
males=rests on prostate
| females=rests on pelvic diaphragm
35
what is the triangular area of bladder base between UVJ's and urethra
trigone
36
how much urine can the bladder hold?
500 mL
37
at approximately how many mL do you feel the urge to micturate (pee)
250 mL
38
what conveys urine out of the body?
urethra
39
how long is the urethra in females? males?
females=1.5 in.
| males=7-8 in.
40
small glandular body surrounding the proximal part of the male urethra
prostate
41
most common childhood renal cancer
Wilm's
42
abnormal concretion of mineral salts, often called a stone
Calculus
43
malignant new growth composed of epithelial cells
Carcinoma
44
two renal pelves or ureters from the same kidney
Duplicate collecting system
45
fusion of the kidneys, usually at the lower poles; U shaped kidney
Horseshoe Kidney
46
kidney that fails to ascend and remains in the pelvis
Pelvic Kidney
47
inflammation of the bladder; bladder infection
Cystitis
48
distention of renal pelves and calyces with urine
Hydronephrosis
49
massive enlargement of the kidney with the formation of many cysts
Polycystic Kidney
50
increased BP to the kidneys
Renal Hypertension
51
ballooning of the lower end of the ureter into the bladder; dilation of terminal ureter in the bladder
Ureterocele
52
backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters
Vesicoureteral Reflux
53
presence of one kidney as a result of renal agenesis, dysplasia, or removal
Solitary Kidney
54
calculus filling the entire renal pelvis
Staghorn Calculus
55
contrast entering blood flow in normal direction
antegrade
56
contrast entering blood flow against normal flow
retrograde
57
which study do you puncture directly into renal pelvis for contrast administration
percutaneous antegrade urography
58
investigation of the renal pelvis and calyces
pyelography
59
what is ureteral compressions used for
retard the flow of opacified urine into the bladder to ensure filling of renal pelves and calyces
60
where is the ideal centering placement for the ureteral compressions
ASIS
61
what is the respiration phase for examinations of the urinary tract
end of expiration
62
exam that demonstrates structures and function of kidneys as contrast follows excretion route and contrast is filtered from blood
intravenous (excretory) urography
63
possible contradictions for performing intravenous urography
asthma, previous contrast reaction, circulatory or cardio disease, elevated creatinine, sickle cell disease, diabetes, multiple myeloma
64
what must the pt. do before IVU study?
empty bladder
65
why might a postvoid radiograph be taken after an IVU?
check for small tumor masses, or enlarged prostates
66
How long does it take for the greatest concentration of contrast of the kidney to occur (after injection)?
15-20 minutes
67
What is the 'blush' stage on contrast in the kidney called?
nephrogram
68
what size of IR for AP of the urinary system
14x17
69
reason to image AP of the urinary system upright?
demonstrate opacified bladder and kidney mobility
70
centering point for AP of the urinary system
iliac crests
71
besides initial markers, what other marker should be used?
time marker
72
for AP oblique urinary system, kidney closest to IR (down side) will be ______ to plane of IR
perpendicular
73
for AP oblique urinary system, kidney farthest from IR (up side) will be ______ to plane of IR
parallel
74
for AP oblique of urinary system, the MCP should form how many degree of an angle from IR
30
75
CR enters where for the AP oblique of urinary system?
approx. 2 in. lateral to midline on elevated side at level of iliac crests
76
The right kidney is in this position when a patient is place LPO for an AP projection of the urinary system.
parallel
77
the right kidney is in this position when a patient is placed RPO for an AP projection of the urinary system
perpendicular
78
This plane should be centered to the midline of the grid for a lateral projection of the urinary system
MCP
79
for lateral projection of the urinary system, where should the CR enter?
level of iliac crests, perpendicular
80
which projection of the urinary system shows conditions such as rotation or pressure displacement of a kidney and localizes mass/tumors
lateral
81
most exams of these organs are done retrograde...hint: lower urinary tract
bladder, lower ureters, prostate, urethra
82
AP axial bladder, voiding study, IR must be centered here
level of symphysis
83
what degree and direction do you use for PA axial bladder
10-15 degrees, cephalic
84
what degree and direction do you use for AP axial of the bladder
10-15 degrees, caudad
85
CR point for PA axial bladder
1 in. distal to coccyx
86
what collimation field size is used for bladder study
10x12
87
how much pt. angulation is requireed for an AP oblique bladder
40-60 degrees
88
This can be done on AP oblique bladder images when the neck of the bladder and the proximal urethra is of primary interest
10 degree caudal angulation to project pubic bones below
89
which projection of the bladder will demonstrate anterior and posterior walls with base of the bladder
lateral
90
anxiety can cause _______, making venipuncture more painful
vasoconstriction
91
IV ____ can reduce risk of infection and rate of injection
IV filters
92
3 parts of needle
hub, cannula/shaft, bevel
93
what is the gauge = to in relation to the needle
diameter of needle bore
94
with the gauge, the lower the #, the ____ the diameter
larger
95
syringe size should be one size _____ than volume to be injected
larger
96
four veins most often used for IV injection
anterior forearm
posterior hand
radial aspect of wrist
antecubital space of elbow
97
how far above the injection site should the tourniquet be placed
6-8 in.
98
what is the term meaning fluid has entered tissue instead of the vein
infiltration (extravasation)
99
Name 2 severe s/s of an allergic reaction to iodinated contrast
Laryngeal edema, hypotension, shock, unresponsiveness, convulsions, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, arrhythmia
100
A severe hypersensitivity reaction seen with bee stings, latex, and food allergies
Anaphlactic shock
101
severe hypersensitivity, that may occur after a single exposure, usually to iodinated contrast media
anaphlactoid shock
102
oldest form of contrast, ionizes in a solution, higher likelihood of reactions, inexpensive
HOCM = high-osmolar contrast media
103
nonionic form of contrast that dissolves in water but doesn't dissociate
LOCM = low-osmolar contrast media
104
newest, nonionic for of contrast
IOCM = iso-osmolar contrast media
105
how long should it take for contrast to be excreted from the body with normal kidney function
2 hours
106
Name two drugs that should be available to patients experiencing an anaphlactoid reaction
Albuterol, Atropine, Benadryl, Epinephrine, Diazepam, Nitroglycerin
107
what does BUN stand for
blood urea nitrogen; hydration status of pts.
108
BUN levels range for an average adult
6-20 mg/dL
109
what is creantinine levels determine?
proportional to muscle mass; determines renal function
110
Creatinine levels range for average adult
0.6-1.3 mg/dL
111
what does GFR stand for?
glomerular filtration rate
112
GFR level for normal pt.
60+
113
inflammation from extravastion reaches it's peak w/in how many hours?
24-48 hrs.
