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Biology > Test 4: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Test 4: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is arterial pathway starting with the heart?

A

Heart > Arteries> arterioles> capillaries (site of exchange between circulatory system and tissues)

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2
Q

What side of the heart pumps blood through 60,000 miles of blood vessel?

A

The left side

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3
Q

What side of the heart sends blood to the lungs to drop off CO2 and pick up O2?

A

The right side

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4
Q

What type of vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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5
Q

What are the three layers of the Tunica interna (tunica intimate)

A

Endothelium, basement membrane, internal elastic lamina (internal elastic membrane)

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6
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

The innermost layer of vessels that is in direct contact with blood

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7
Q

What is made of simple squamous endothelium that contributes to vessel permeability?

A

Endothelium

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8
Q

What is deep to the endothelium and is made of collagen fibers that anchors the endothelium to other layers?

A

The basement membrane

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9
Q

What is the boundary between the tunica interna (tunica intimate) and the Tunica media?

A

Internal elastic lamina (internal elastic membrane)

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10
Q

What is made of a thin sheet of elastic fibers with Swiss cheese like openings that facilitate diffusion?

A

Internal elastic lamina

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11
Q

What is the largest layer in most vessels?

A

Tunica media

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the tunic media?

A

Smooth muscle layers and external elastic lamina (external elastic membrane)

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13
Q

What is the layer that varies the most among different vessels and are thicker in arteries?

A

Tunica media

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14
Q

What controls the size of the vessel diameter under sympathetic control

A

Smooth muscle layers

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15
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on blood vessels?

A

It causes vasoconstriction and blood pressure to rise

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16
Q

What happens when sympathetic stimulation of a blood vessel stops?

A

The vessel relaxes and begins to dilate and return to normal size

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17
Q

What are three vasodilators that can be found in the bloodstream?

A

Nitric oxide, hydrogen, and lactic acid

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18
Q

What layer is made of elastic fibers which separate the tunica media and the tunica externa?

A

External elastic lamina (membrane)

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19
Q

What is the outer layer of a vessel?

A

Tunica externa

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20
Q

What is the Tunica externa made of?

A

Elastic and collagen fibers that allow passage of nerves and tiny vessels along the outside of the vessel

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21
Q

What are vessels that supply the three layers of larger vessels?

A

Vasa Vasorum (vessels to vessels)

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22
Q

What layer helps to anchor vessels to surrounding tissue?

A

Tunica externa

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23
Q

What is compliance?

A

And artery’s ability to stretch to accommodate the force of the heart

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24
Q

What are the three types of arteries?

A

Elastic, muscular, arterioles

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25
What are the largest types of arteries, (found in aorta, pulmonary trunk, branches of arch)?
Elastic arteries
26
What are the properties of elastic arteries?
Well defined internal and external elastic lamina, and thick tunica media
27
What is the function of elastic arteries?
To force blood into smaller vessels
28
What are the medium sized arteries (femoral, axillary, brachial, radial, ulnar, splenic)?
Muscular arteries
29
What are the properties of muscular arteries?
75% smooth muscle with 40 layers
30
What are muscular arteries also known as?
Distributing arteries, because they distribute blood to the organs
31
Why is the smooth muscle of muscular arteries always under slight partial contraction?
To maintain blood pressure
32
What are arterioles?
Small arteries that carry blood to capillary beds
33
What are Metarterioles?
The tapered end of an arteriole that leads into a capillary bed
34
What is resistance?
Opposition to blood flow created by the friction of formed elements on the vessel wall
35
Why does the Tunica externa have an extensive sympathetic nerve supply?
To control the size of the arteriole and as a result control blood flow into the capillary bed
36
What is the ability of the muscle to contract in order to keep a constant state of partial contraction?
Vascular tone
37
Do muscular arteries stretch, and recoil as elastic arteries do?
No
38
What is an anastomosis?
A union of two vessels that do not form a capillary bed, in order to create collateral circulation.
39
What are the smallest vessels and sight of exchange?
Capillaries
40
What do capillaries connect?
Arterial flow with Venous flow
41
Why do red blood cells have to fold in half in order to pass through capillaries?
Because they are so small
42
What forms microscopic networks of great surface area, that make contact with the body cells for exchange?
Capillary beds
43
What receives blood from capillary networks after exchange has taken place?
Post capillary venules
44
What are found throughout the body, but most numerous in metabolically active cells?
Capillaries
45
What parts of the body are capillaries most numerous?
Neurons, muscle cells, liver, kidneys
46
Where are capillaries not found?
Epithelial tissue, the cornea and lens of the eye and Cartlidge
47
What layers are capillaries made of?
They do not have a Tunica media or externa--the Tunica interna is simple squamous, and branches which lead to increase surface area
48
What does a capillary bed consist of?
10 to 100 capillaries branching from a single Metarteriole
49
What allows blood to pass through the capillaries that lead to venules without supplying the tissue?
Thoroughfare Channels
50
What is a continuous capillary?
A continuous tube with occasional gaps between the cells called intercellular clefts (found in the CNS, lungs, muscles, and skin)
51
What is a fenestrated capillary?
When the cell membranes have pores called fenestrations, this allows materials to pass through the cells rather than between them. (found in the kidneys, small intestine, choroid plexus of the brain and endocrine glands.)
52
What is a sinusoid capillary?
Capillaries with large fenestrations between cells that lack a basement membrane. They also have large intercellular clefts that allow the passage of proteins and formed elements of the blood. (some are lined with phagocytes)
53
What is a portal system capillary?
Veins that carry blood from one capillary network to another (the name of the system will identify the location of the secondary capillary bed)
54
What type of vessel will flatten if pressured?
Veins
55
What is a superficial vein?
Veins that travel just under the skin
56
What is a deep vein?
Veins that travel between muscles
57
What connects superficial and deep veins?
Anastomoses
58
What direction do veins become more muscular?
As they move away from the capillary bed
59
What causes a vein to constrict in order to reduce blood and increase activity? (in response to a hemorrhage, or low blood pressure/volume)
Sympathetic stimulation causing venoconstriction.
60
What is hemodynamics?
The force required to circulate blood through the body
61
What is blood flow?
The amount of blood that passes through an area of the body in a given amount of time (measured by milliliters per minute)
62
What is blood pressure?
The force placed on vessel walls
63
What is systolic pressure?
The top number that represents the force placed on your vessel walls during ventricular contraction
64
What is diastolic pressure?
The bottom number that represents the force place on your vessel walls during ventricular relaxation
65
Where is pressure the highest?
In large arteries, like the aorta and the systemic arteries, (this is why they have thicker walls and more elastic fibers and veins).
66
What is the typical blood pressure for a young adult?
Approximately 110/70
67
What is vascular resistance?
The opposing force that caused a buildup in friction as blood flows through the vessel
68
How does blood flow through a vessel?
Slower around the walls and faster in the lumen
69
What effects do vessel constriction and dilation have?
Vessel dilation reduces blood pressure, while vessel constriction raises, blood pressure
70
Blood viscosity is based on what?
The ratio of plasma to RBCs
71
What is the purpose of the skeletal muscle pump?
Skeletal muscles contract to compress veins and inhibit blood flow, then relax to force blood (the garden hose example)
72
What is the purpose of the respiratory pump?
When you inhale the diaphragm lowers compressing the abdominal veins. When you exhale the diaphragm raises and takes pressure off the veins
73
Where is the cardiovascular center?
Located in the medulla
74
What is the purpose of the cardiovascular center?
It can speed up or slow down the heart rate, dilate, or constrict vessels, and control specific areas of the body as in flight or fight.
75
Where are proprioceptor located and what do they do?
They are located in the joints and notify the cardiovascular center of increased activity
76
What are baroreceptors?
Specialized cells that detect a change in blood pressure and notify the cardiovascular center, which causes vasodilation or constriction
77
Where are baroreceptors located
Internal carotid arteries and controlled by cranial nerves 9: glossopharyngeal and 10: vagus
78
What are chemoreceptors?
Receptors that respond to chemical changes in the blood
79
what is hypoxia?
Low oxygen in the blood
80
What is acidosis?
High hydrogen in the blood
81
what is hypercapnia?
High CO2, which can cause the formation of carbonic acid
82
How do acceleratory nerves (sympathetic stimulation) travel?
to the heart through thoracic nerves
83
How do parasympathetic nerves travel?
Through cranial nerves three: oculomotor, seven: facial, nine: glossopharyngeal, 10: Vagus
84
What lowers blood pressure?
The RAA system
85
What increases blood pressure?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine, which increases blood pressure from adrenal medulla during fight or flight
86
What does ADH do?
Retain sodium and fluids and is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior lobe
87
What does ANP do?
Is released by the atria of the heart and has the opposite effect of ADH, promoting loss of sodium and water in the urine and lowers blood pressure
88
What is autoregulation (self regulation)?
The ability of tissue automatically adjust its flow to meet metabolic demands
89
What does increased temperature during activity cause?
Vasodilation and increase blood flow, in addition to relaxation of smooth muscles that allow for vasodilation and
90
What is pulse pressure?
The difference in pressure between systole and diastole, done at the pedal artery to assess the pressure on the small arteries
91
What is pulse?
The wave created in an artery as ventricles contract
92
What is hypovolemic shock?
Drop in blood volume caused by possible hemorrhage, or dehydration or polyuria from diabetes
93
What is cardiogenic shock?
Shock that occurs from a weak heart. Lack of oxygen is delivered from possible heart attack, arrhythmia or heart valve issue
94
What is vascular shock?
Unusual vasodilation, such as allergies, stings, or bacterial toxin
95
What is obstructive shock?
Obstruction to blood flow from potential tumors, worms, thrombus or embolus.

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