Final Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Epithelia tissue: (made of and partial function)
A
Stratified squamous, waterproofed from keratin
2
Q
1st line of defense when not compromised
A
The skin
3
Q
What serve as portal of entry to the dermis?
A
Pores
4
Q
Dermis contains:
A
hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands
5
Q
Perspirations contains:
A
salt, lysozyme (antibacterial), antimicrobial peptides
6
Q
Sebum:
A
oil (nutritive for some microbes)
7
Q
Mucus membranes:
A
Line cavities that open to the outside,
are often acidic for protective purposes,
8
Q
Mucus membranes of the eyes:
A
are washed with tears which contain lysozyme (antibacterial)
9
Q
Normal microbiota: on the skin,
(survival)
A
must survive drying and increased salt concentrations
10
Q
microbiota on the skin
(which one’s specifically?)
A
Usually G+
S. epidermidis, M. luteus
11
Q
microbes in the sweat glands:
A
will reestablish colonies in a matter of hours, (
increase in microbes on skin)–handwashing lab
12
Q
microbes in axilla and groin
A
metabolize the lipids and proteins on the skin, creating body odor
13
Q
Diphtheroids:
A
G+ pleomorphic (more than one shape,
Proprionbacterium acnes, which creates acne,
Corynebacterium xerosis
14
Q
Dandruff:
A
fungal infection of the scalp
15
Q
Skin Lesions (Vesicle)
A
Small, flat lesion with fluid
16
Q
Bullae
A
Vesicle greater than 1cm
17
Q
Macule:
A
flattened red lesion
18
Q
Papule
A
raised lesion
19
Q
Pustule:
A
papule that contains pus
20
Q
Staphylococcal categories
A
Coagulase+ or Coagulase-
21
Q
S. epidermis:
A
common on skin and can become pathogenic (common during catheter use due to the formation of biofilms.
22
Q
S. aureus:
Common where,
produces what,
resistant to?
A
Common in nasal passages and has pigment to protect from UV light,
coagulase+, produces enterotoxins, blocks chemotaxis, resistant to opsonization, neutralizes defense, lysozyme resistant
23
Q
Folliculitis:
A
inflammation of hair follicle (pimple)
24
Q
Sty:
A
Staph infection of the eyelash
25
Furuncle
"boil" localized region of pus, (type of abscess where the organism is walled off, and difficult for antibiotics to penetrate, so it is best to remove.
26
Impetigo:
S. epidermis, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes,
usually enters through a break in the skin,
Symptoms are caused by host's immune system
27
Scaled skin syndrome
form of impetigo caused by S. aureus,
causes exfoliation so that skin peels off,
common in infants
28
Toxic Shock Syndrome
fever, vomiting, sunburn-like rash, shock, organ failure, death,
caused by: abrasive tampons, surgical procedure, abortions
29
Streptococcal
(causes and produces?)
Cause of meningitis, pneumonia, sore throat, ear infections, endocardium, dental caries,
may produce hemolysin (from breaking down RBCs),
30
Worst of the strep family
S. pyogenes
31
S. pyogenes, (worst of the strep family):
beta-hemolytic, M protein provides protection from increased temps, and adheres to host cells
necrotizing fasciitis: caused by strep infection and can become systemic,
40% mortality, rate, symptoms caused by body's immune system and can attack the heart valves
32
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Common opportunistic organism (burn patients),
produces exotoxins and endotoxins,
forms biofilms: forms blue/green biofilm in vases/buckets of standing water
33
Warts:
Viral disease of the skin,
can have an incubation time of several months: not caused by frogs or toads,
caused by HSVII
34
Smallpox:
Viral disease of the skin,
1st cause of biological terrorism which included Ukrained, in which bodies were catapulted over a wall,
Native Americans were given blankets inoculated with smallpox,
forms lesions that become pustules in 18 days, respiratory transmission, declared eradicated in 1980s,
stockpiles in the US and USSR broke apart into several small countries for bioterrorism
35
Monkey pox:
1st seen in zoos and in monkeys from Africa, transferred from monkey to monkey, not to human.
36
Septicemia
Proliferation (multiplication of microbes in blood that creates a toxic condition called sepsis, could cause systemic vasodilation leading in drop in blood pressure, hypovolemic shock.
37
Childbirth Fever
(Streptococcus pyogenes)
38
Endocarditis (Streptococcus sp.)
a. Inflammation of the heart
b. Bacteria released during tooth or tonsil extraction
39
Acute Endocarditis (S. aureus)
Causes destruction of heart valves
40
Rheumatic Fever (S. pyogenes)
a. Considered an autoimmune disease because the body attempts to destroy the M protein and damages the heart valves and joints
41
Lyme's Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
a. Field mice are the reservoirs (where organism lives), deer ticks are the vector
b. 75% exhibit bull’s eye rash
42
Plaque (Yersinia pestis)
a. Transmission is from flea bites
b. Endemic in ground squirrels, rodents and prairie dogs in the SW US (4 corners area)
c. Lymph nodes in the axillary and groin areas enlarged (buboes nodes)
43
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
a. “rabbit fever”
b. Inhalation, ingestion, bites or minor cuts in the skin
c. 10 bacteria colonies are needed to cause disease (remember ID50)
d. Handling small mammals such as rabbits during hunting season
e. Natural immunity is permanent
44
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
a. Atypical capsule that does not stimulate an immune response
b. Endospores have been known to survive up to 60 years in the soil
c. Common in grazing animals, goat hair and hides
d. Enters through small abrasions in the skin=cutaneous form, inhalation=pulmonary form
e. Vaccine consists of 6 inoculations over 18 months
45
Gangrene (Clostridium perfringes)
a. Occurs in a type of wound where the blood supply has been interrupted, causing ischemia (lack of oxygen to tissue), causing necrosis (dead tissue), creating an anaerobic environment
46
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia ricketsii)
a. Common in SE US in the Appalachian Mountain area
b. A form of typhus, similar to the measles
c. Kidney or heart failure may lead to death
47
Cat Scratch Fever (Bartonella henselae)
a. Common in saliva of cats, but also fur due to grooming
b. Lymph nodes swell, fever develops
48
Malaria (Plasmodium sp., protozoan)
a. Mosquito vector
b. Immature forms enter RBCs, toxins are released when the organism ruptures from the RBC
c. Kills an African child every 30 seconds
d. Antimalaria prophylaxis is preferred
49
Leishmaniasis
a. Protozoan
b. Lesions on the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs
c. Transmitted by sand flies
50
Toxoplasmosis
a. Eggs are shed in cat feces, (pregnant women shouldn’t change litter box)
b. Forms cysts in soft tissue like the brain
c. Can cause brain damage or stillborn birth
51
Trypanosomiasis (Protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi)
a. Common in the Southwest US
b. Kissing bug vector, drawn to CO2
c. Bugs are eaten as an aphrodisiac
d. Damages the heart, lungs, esophagus
52
Schistosomiasis (Fluke Helminth)
a. Female lives in a groove on the male’s body
b. If a person enters contaminated water the larvae will penetrate the skin
c. NOT in the US because it requires a specific species of snail
53
Infectious Mononucleosis (Epstein Barr Virus, EBV)
a. Most common in ages 15-25
b. Symptoms caused by T cell response to the virus
c. Virus has been linked to forms of lymphomas (lymphatic cancer)
54
Ebola
a. Hemorrhage with a 90% mortality rate
b. 1st seen in Africa
55
Hanta Virus: Sin Nombre Virus (Poor Fella!)
a. Common in SW US near Four Corners area
b. Airborne, dust contaminated with urine/feces of rodents, causing pulmonary infection
56
Pharyngitis (Sore throat)
a. S. pyogenes, less than 10%
b. If S. pyogenes is carrying a phage, it can cause Scarlet Fever
c. Transmission is through inhalation of droplet nuclei
57
Sinusitis (S. pneumponiae or H. influenza)
a. Inflammation of sinus cavities
b. Chronic leads to polyps
58
Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheria, exotoxin)
a. (common in contaminated water)
b. 2-4 days after exposure
c. Ruptured RBCs may block airways
d. Pyelonephritis or myocarditis may lead to death
59
Common Cold
a. Viruses
b. Can result in secondary infection
c. Interferon used in OTC remedies to treat symptoms
60
Pertussis: Whooping Cough (Bordetella pertussis)
a. produces endotoxins, exotoxins, hemagglutinins
b. Parental fear of vaccinations caused cases to double in 80s
c. Inhalation of droplets
d. “Kennel cough” found in dogs
61
Pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumoniae)
a. “walking pneumonia” 2-3 weeks to confirm
62
Legionnaire's Disease (Legionella pneumophilia)
a. fastidious bacillus, picky, won’t grow just anywhere
b. Soil and water, become airborne
c. Shock or kidney failure
d. American legion, Ohio, moisture in air condition
63
Tuberculosis: TB or Consumption (Myobacterium Tuberculosis)
a. 10 million new cases each year
b. Multiplies inside WBCs of lungs, then ruptures and cause inflammation of the lung tissue
c. Rupture blood vessels result in sputum
d. Scar tissue may wall off viable cells
e. Digestive and urinary tracts, meninges, lymphatic system are at risk of attack
f. Positive TB exposure may increase skin test sensitivity though not having had disease
g. Resistant to drug treatment
64
Influenza (Orthomyxovirus RNA Virus)
a. Inhalation
b. Swin flu which lead to declared pandemic 1918-1919
65
Hanta Virus
a. Rodents feces/urine which become airborne in dust
b. Always wash with bleach
66
Coccidioidomycosis
a. Inhalation of dust
b. Fungal spores from rodent feces/urine
c. Always wash with bleach
67
Pneumocystis (Pneumocystis carinii, fungus)
a. thickens the alveoli (gas exchange difficult)
b. More damage to compromised patients (AIDS, which are highly susceptible to fungi)
68
Microbial disease of the Digestive system
Fecal/oral routs are typical transmission. Food preparation and handling practices require proper sanitization practices
80% of the human immune system is located in small intestine, 40% of fecal material is bacteria
69
Dental Plaque
a. biofilm on surface of teeth, ferment carbohydrates on teeth creating lactic acid
b. Lactic acid weakens enamel causing dental caries (cavities)
c. Bacteria build up on the protein film after a few minutes of brushing teeth
d. Calcified deposits of plaque are called Tartar, develops into several layers making it impermeable, leading to buildup of lactic acid and breaking down enamel
70
Periodontal Disease (Streptococcus sp, Actinomycetes [fungus], anaerobes)
a. Gingivitis (infection of the gingiva, [gums])
b. Streptococcus sp, Actinomycetes (Fungus), anaerobes
c. Periodontitis: chronic gingivitis, pus forms in the tooth socket, deteriorated periodontal ligament
d. Acute necrotizing gingivitis: extreme halitosis (bad breath)
71
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (S. aureus)
a. Enterotoxins
b. Common in nasal passages, transferred by hands (no nose picking!)
c. Proper refrigeration is static to organism
72
Shigellosis (bacterial dysentery)
a. Facultative anaerobe of Shigella
b. Mild diarrhea to internal hemorrhage
73
Salmonellosis (Gastroenteritis), (Salmonella sp.)
a. Normal flora in intestinal tracts of animals/humans
b. Replicate in macrophages, multiply in small intestine, enters circulation, travels
c. Septic shock in infants and elderly
d. Rehydration therapy
e. Meat products from animal intestine, turtles and iguanas, chicken eggs, fresh fruit (rinse with water)
f. Microbes are destroyed by cooking, raw chicken and preparation surfaces cautioned
74
Typhoid Fever (Salmonella typhi)
b. Only found in human feces
c. 400 cases in the US every year mostly due to travel, 1-3% become chronic carriers, gall bladder (Typhoid Mary)
d. Multiplies in WBCs in spleen and liver
e. Diarrhea for 2-3 (days?) that could lead to dehydration
f. Quinolones are now first drug of choice
75
Cholera (vibrio cholera)
exotoxins causes secretion of huge amounts of water and electrolytes, up to 5 gallons of fluids lost
b. Common in brackish water, form biofilms on crustaceans
c. Destroyed by stomach acids
76
Traveler's Diarrhea (E. coli is most common)
a. Rehydration therapy
77
Peptic Ulcers (Helicobacter pylori)
a. 30-50% of developed world is infected, 15% of those develop ulcers, 3% of those develop stomach cancer
b. Decreases stomach mucus protecting it from HCl
c. High amounts of urease which creates ammonia as biproduct and lowers pH
78
C-dif (Clostridium difficile)
a. Antibiotics that disrupt normal flora
b. Diarrhea to colitis and ulcerations of the intestine
c. Fecal transplants from family member or patient’s household
79
Mumps
a. Targets salivary glands
b. Transmitted by saliva, or inhalation
c. Orchitis (inflammation of the testes)
d. MMR vaccine is a trivalent attenuated vaccine
80
HepAV
Does not have chronic form, is food born
81
HepBV
is found in bodily fluids other than urine or feces, death may occur from chronic conditions leading to liver cancer or cirrhosis
82
HepCV
1 in 100k transfusions still transmit to others, leads to liver cancer or cirrhosis.
kills more people than AIDS in the US
83
HepDV
Only found in those that already have HepBV
84
HepEV
Fecal/Oral transmission
85
Mycotoxins (fungal toxins)
a. Rye and cereal grain produce Ergot (hallucinogenic decreasing blood flow to limbs resulting in gangrene)
b. Peanuts and many grains, produces aflatoxins
86
Giardiasis (Giardia intestinalis)
a. Attaches to the intestinal wall
b. H2S (hydrogen sulfide smells like rotten eggs
c. Campsites, swim areas, drinking in streams (endemic in beaver)
87
Amoebic Dysentery (Entamoeba histolytica)
a. Severe diarrhea
b. Abscesses in the small intestine
88
Taenia saginata
Beef Tapeworm
89
Taenia solium
Pork Tapeworm
90
Tapeworms
a. Eggs ingested by animal, eggs hatch, larva form cysts in animal’s muscle, meat is ingested
b. Larval forms cysts in the eyes
c. Endemic in areas of Mexico
d. Brain tumors
91
Fish Tapeworms
a. Pike, trout, perch, and salmon
b. Increased infections due to sushi
c. Flatulence and diarrhea
92
Nematodes (round worms)
Pinworms
Hookworms
Ascaris
93
Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis)
Migrate out of the anus at night to lay eggs
94
Hookworms
a. Attaches to intestinal wall and feeds on blood and tissue
b. Pica: (bizarre food cravings)
95
Ascaris (Ascaris lumbridcoides)
a. Adults will emerge from the anus, mouth, or nose of a stressed host
b. Transmission is fecal/oral
c. Upper GI, drill hole to enter blood vessel, CO2 seeking, travel to lungs, drill into lung tissue, re-swallowed then travels through the digestive tract to reproduce.
96
Trichinella (Trichinella spiralis)
a. Undercooked pork, horse meat imported from the US
b. Ground meat, machinery
c. Freezing won’t kill
d. Infestations localize in diaphragm or eye muscles
97
Urinary Tract Infection: UTI (E. coli)
a. Dysuria (painful, burning) and pyuria (pus)
98
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the filtering capillaries
99
Vaginitis
a. Opportunistic pathogen that multiplies when normal flora is disturbed
100
Gonorrhea
a. Pus from bedding (6-7 week survival)
b. Birth control pills make female more susceptible
c. Spreads 9 times faster in women with IUDs than without
101
Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
a. Fastidious (picky)
b. 2-6 week incubation
c. Primary stage: chancres at portal of entry
d. Secondary Stage: oral lesions, skin rashes
e. Latent Period: No symptoms
f. Tertiary Stage: Gummas (lesions), CNS neurosyphilis makes your crazy
g. Congenital syphilis: crosses the placenta
102
Herpes (Viral, Herpes Simplex II)
a. Can survive in warm environments, hot tubs
b. Birth control pills make women more susceptible
103
Genital Warts (Viral, Human Papillomavirus)
a. 60+ strains of the virus, some linked to cancers
b. Some may lead to oral (throat), anal or penile cancers
104
Chicken Pox (Caused by a herpes virus: Varicello zoster virus)
a. Respiratory transmissions
b. Localized in the skin with a two week incubation period
c. May lay latent in PNS which can be activated by stress, and can result in shingles, (which follow nerve lines)
d. Live, attenuated viral vaccine that became available in 1995
105
Herpes Simplex I (HSVI)
a. Oral or respiratory transmission
b. Causative agent of a cold sore
c. May be latent in cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
106
Measles (Rubeola)
a. Respiratory transmission with an incubation time of two weeks
b. Infectious before symptomatic
c. Vaccine: MMR (measles mumps, rubella)
d. Complications can lead to encephalitis (swelling of the brain) or pneumonia
107
Rubella (German measles)
a. Milder case that is viral
b. Respiratory transmission with signs and symptoms appearing after 2 to 3 weeks
c. May cause birth defects during the fist trimester
108
Mycosis
fungal infections of the body
109
Dermatomycosis
a. Fungal infections of the epidermis where keratin is present
b. Common names of athletes foot (610), jock itch, tissues (ringworm)
110
Candidiasis (Candida albicans)
a. Vaginitis (yeast infection), May overgrow mucous membranes when normal flora is disrupted (superinfection)
b. thrush (611)
c. Common in immunosuppressed individuals such as AIDS patients
111
Scabies (mites)
a. First identified in 1687
b. Caused by mites that burrow into skin and lay eggs
c. Transmitted by contact
d. Mites live about 25 days (but they have laid hundreds of eggs)
112
Lice
a. Adults live about 30 days and produce egg cases designed to attach to hair
b. Have become resistant to over the counter treatments
113
Ophthalmia neonatorum (Neisseria gonorrhea)
a. Causes conjunctivitis and blindness
b. AgNO3 (Silver Nitrate) has been replaced with a cocktail of medications due to multiple infections from mother.
114
Trachoma (caused by species of Chlamydia, not sexually transmitted version)
a. In arid regions of Africa and Asia and SW US
b. Africa/Asia have 500 million children affected
c. Also seen in SW US because of how dry it is
d. Eyelashes turn inward which cause scratching the cornea when you blink.
115
Central Nervous Sytem
Brain and spinal cord
116
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial and spinal nerves
117
Blood brain barrier
keeps toxins in the blood from brain
capillaries wrapped by astrocytes
allows passage of lipid soluble substances (alcohol, the, aspirin, anesthesia)
118
Meningitis
a. Fever, headache, stiff neck
b. Nausea, vomiting
c. Convulsions, coma
d. Viral is milder
e. Enterovirus (form of meningitis virus that attacks the gut)
f. Measles, mumps, influenza often lead to secondary infection of meningitis
119
Meningitis Historically
a. Streptococcus pneumonia
b. Haemophilis influenza (kids under 4)
c. Neisseria meningitides (meningeococcal meningitis)
d. All have capsules (increase virulence) and can replicate in the blood (causing sepsis), once entering the blood they are able to enter the CNS.
120
Haemophilus influenza Type B (Hib)
a. Once most common, now nearly eliminated
b. Vaccine available
121
Neisseria meningititidis
122
Meningitis continued...
a. 50 other species reported to cause meningitis
b. Develops quickly so broad spectrum antibiotics are administered, usually cephalosporin
c. Once organism is identified, antibiotic treatment may change
123
Listeria monocytogenes
a. G+ rod, found in soil/water contaminated with animal feces
b. mild in adults but can cause meningitis
c. crosses placenta, causes still births
d. grows in refrigerator temperatures
e. transmission is food borne
f. bacteriophage (virus that attacks bacteria) spray approved by the FDA as a spray preservative for deli meats
g. Penicillin G is antibiotic of choice
124
Clostridium tetani
a. G+, obligate anaerobe (punctures, bites, iv drug users, spore forming (common in soil), rod
b. Tetanospasmin: toxin from that is released from the organism is released on cell death and releases a neurotoxin.
c. Bacteria do not spread, no inflammation
d. Lockjaw is first sign
e. Spasms of respiratory system cause death, (from complete tetanus that doesn’t allow muscles to relax)
f. DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus acellular pertussis) is a toxoid vaccine
g. Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG), already formed antibodies
h. Debridement may be necessary, (cutting away necrotic tissue)
125
Clostridium botulinum
a. G+, obligate anaerobe (punctures, bites, iv drug users, spore forming (common in soil), rod
b. Produces exotoxins (spores are not a problem in food, however, the exotoxins are), in anaerobic environment
c. Blocks the release of ACh which causes flaccid paralysis
d. Death from respiratory or cardiac failure in 1-10 days
e. Blood sausage in the 1800s (ground meats in a pig’s stomach, boiled and smoked over open fire then stored). Nitrates are added to pork for preservation
126
Clostridium botulinum continued...
f. Toxin can be destroyed
g. Will not grow in acidic environments, unless mold is present because which will change the environment pH and make it more acidic
i. Infant botulism, (no honey for children under one year old)
j. Recovery slow, allowing time for nerve regeneration and may require respiratory therapy, nausea fever dizziness
k. Does not confer immunity because it is too toxic
127
Clostridium botulinum (Muktuk)
i. Sliced flippers of seals and whales
ii. Tenderized in anaerobic jar until putrefaction (rotting) occurs
iii. Common among native Alaskans
128
Hansen's Disease (Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis)
a. Grows best at 30°--periphery of body (effects the arms and legs)
b. Invades myelin sheaths of PNS
c. 12 day generation time (takes 12 days to go from 1 bacterium to 2
d. Will not grow on artificial medium—armadillos
e. Tuberculoid form—lesions appear as light areas on skin and tend to lose sensation (633ish)
f. Lepromatous form skin cells are affected and causes formation of nodules which can cause destruction of peripheral body areas
g. May be years before symptomatic
h. Exudate (fluid/puss) from lesion or from nasal passages
i. Sulfone drugs and rifampin are drugs of choice
129
Polio
a. Most asymptomatic or mild
b. Vermont 1894
c. Fecal—oral transmission
d. Multiplies in the throat and small intestine—viremia, (virus multiply in the blood)—(for most it stops here)—may enter the CNS
e. Antibodies cross the placenta—giving fetus natural protection
f. Vaccine—attenuated (weakened), viruses (3)
130
Rabies
a. Causes fatal encephalitis
b. SS RNA without proofreading abilities (continuously mutates)
c. Saliva in bites but can be from skin abrasions or may cross mucous membranes
d. Proliferate in the nervous system and travels to your spinal cord. Can proliferate in the skeletal muscles and remain there for months before it travels to CNS
e. Silver haired bats
f. Often misdiagnosed because it takes very little virus.
131
Rabies continued...
g. Immune system does not respond because…
h. Multiplies in skeletal muscle
i. Bites to hands and face most dangerous
j. Incubation: 30 days up to 6 years, post exposure prophylactics are successful
k. Symptoms: agitation, fear of water which cause spasms in the pharynx, causes death of neurons
l. Once symptomatic zero chance of recovery
m. 40,000-70,000 deaths, (Africa, Asian, South America), due to lack of veterinary care
132
Encephalitis
a. Symptoms range from mile to severe
b. Chills/headache/fever… confusion/coma/death
c. Mosquito borne virus
d. Equine encephalitis
133
Cryptococcus
a. Fungal meningitis (inflammation of the meninges, dura mater, arachnid mater…)
134
African trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei)
a. when bitten goes from the blood to the CNS which leads to coma
b. TSE TSE fly
135
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)
Prion (infected protein) which is endemic in sheep, all known are neurological.
136
