Test 4: Chapters 10 & 11

Question 1

What are male and females sex hormones called?

Answer 1

Androgens and estrogens.

Question 2

What is gender typing?

Answer 2

Learning your culture’s expectations for gender roles.

Question 3

What is gender identity?

Answer 3

Sense of being male or female.

Question 4

What is gender dysphoria?

Answer 4

Not identifying with your biological sex.

Question 5

What is transgender?

Answer 5

Identifying with the opposite sex

Question 6

What is transvestite?

Answer 6

Cross-dressing men, almost never gay.

Question 7

What is transsexual?

Answer 7

Person who has undergone hormone therapy or sex change surgery.

Question 8

Where in the brain are men more active in sexual stimulation?

Answer 8

The hypothalamus and amygdala.

Question 9

What kind of cultures tend to have more traditional views of gender?

Answer 9

Collectivistic cultures.

Question 10

What is the social learning theory of gender development?

Answer 10

Children observe and learn from gender role models, appropriate behavior is enforced with positive attention.

Question 11

what is the gender schema theory of gender development?

Answer 11

gender is a concept that is formed by observing male and female behavior.

Question 12

What is benevolent sexism?

Answer 12

a “positive” stereotype that leads to unequal treatment of the sexes.

Question 13

What is androgyny?

Answer 13

possessing the most positive personality traits of both males and females.

Question 14

How does androgyny relate to depression?

Answer 14

Androgynous people 1/2 stress of average male and 1/3 stress of average female.

Question 15

What are the cognitive differences between males and females?

Answer 15

Men are better spatially, women are better verbally.

Question 16

What are the differences between male and female communication?

Answer 16

Men use “report” style and listen with left hemisphere, women use “relate” style and use both hemispheres, picking up on tone and emotion.

Question 17

What are the stages of sexual response?

Answer 17

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution (refractory period for men).

Question 18

What are the sexual orientations?

Answer 18

Heterosexual, homosexual (2.3% of men, 1.3% of women age 15-44), and bisexual (1.8% of men, 2.8% of women)., asexual (>4%).

Question 19

when do most women and men report being gay or bisexual?

Answer 19

High school/college for women, junior high/high school for men.

Question 20

What are sexual dysfunctions?

Answer 20

Organic or stress induced, 43% of females and 31% of males.

Question 21

What determines sex in a developing baby?

Answer 21

If the 23rd chromosome pair contains a Y chromosome, this releases testosterone, developing male sex organs. If they are both X’s, gonads will develop into estrogen-secreting ovaries.

Question 22

What is distress and eustress?

Answer 22

Negative and “positive” stress.

Question 23

What is the primary and secondary appraisals of Lazarus’ cognitive appraisal approach?

Answer 23

1: is the stressor threatening, challenging or neither? 2: what resources do I have to deal with this?

Question 24

Types of stressors:

Answer 24

Catastrophe (PSTD), major life changes/events, hassles.

Question 25

What are the psychological factors of stress?

Answer 25

Pressures, uncontrollability, frustration (internal/external), conflict.

Question 26

What are the responses to frustration?

Answer 26

Persistence, aggression (displaced aggression), escape/withdrawal.

Question 27

What are the types of conflicts?

Answer 27

approach-approach (win-win), avoidance-avoidance (lose-lose), approach-avoidance (take it or leave it), double/multiple approach-avoidance (two choices that have both positive and negative elements).

Question 28

What is the general adaptation syndrome?

Answer 28

alarm (activate sympathetic NS), resistance (adrenaline), exhaustion (return to parasympathetic).

Question 29

How is the immune system affected by stress?

Answer 29

psychoneuroimmunology studies this, stress wrecks havoc on immune system, shuts down liver while in sympathetic mode, reduces natural killer cells so person is more prone to heart attacks, strokes, cancer.

Question 30

What are type A personalities?

Answer 30

perceive everything as a threat, easily annoyed/upset, competitive and ambitious.

Question 31

What is a type B personality?

Answer 31

balanced, easygoing/laid back.

Question 32

What is type C personality?

Answer 32

Prone to cancer-represses negative feelings.

Question 33

What is type H personality?

Answer 33

Hardy: type A minus the negatives, committed, in control and see things as challenges.

Question 34

How does pessimism affect life expectancy?

Answer 34

50% more likely to die prematurely.

Question 35

What are the social factors of stress?

Answer 35

Poverty, job stress (burnout), acculturative (culture change) stress.

Question 36

What is the integration way of acculturation?

Answer 36

maintain sense of original culture while forming positive relationship with new culture. low stress.

Question 37

What is the assimilation way of acculturation?

Answer 37

Totally give up old culture and adopt new one. moderate stress.

Question 38

What is the separation way of acculturation?

Answer 38

Keep all of old culture and do not adapt to new one at all. fairly high stress.

Question 39

what is the marginalization way of acculturation?

Answer 39

neither maintain old culture or join new one. no support system, high stress.

Question 40

what is problem-focused stress coping?

Answer 40

Eliminate source of stress or reduce impact.

Question 41

What is emotion-focused stress coping?

Answer 41

changing the way a person feels about a stressor.