Test #2 Flashcards
Processes of transport
1) passive, 2) active
Active process
Active Transport
a) primary - uses ATP directly
b) secondary - energy provided by movement of second substance down the gradient
b1) symporter - same direction with secondary substance
b2) antiporter - opposite direction as secondary substance
Vesicular transport
a) exocytosis (exiting the cell)
b) endocytosis (entering the cell)
b1) phagocytosis
b2) pinocytosis
b3) Receptor-mediated endocytosis (most common)
Passive process
1) diffusion - movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
1a) simple diffusion - non-polar, small solutes, no assistance from plasma membranes
1b) facilitated diffusion - polar, charged solutes, uses carrier proteins or channel proteins, requires assistance from membrane proteins but doesn’t require energy from the cell
1b.1) leak - always open
1b.2) gated - needs stimulation to open
2) osmosis - movement of water from hypotonic concentration to hypertonic concentration
3) dialysis - separation of small molecules from larger ones across a semi-permeable membrane
4) filtration - uses outside force (gravity, pump, blood pressure)
Define a gene
A gene is a piece of DNA that carries the instructions for making one polypeptide (protein)
Components of nucleotide
Nitrogenous base, hexose (ribose/deoxyribose) sugar, phosphate group
RNA/DNA base pairings
RNA (A-U, G-C)
DNA (A-T, G-C)
Transcription
mRNA copying DNA (formation of mRNA), occurs in nucleus (codon - think “coding”)
Translation (& stops)
Genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded in cytoplasm to produce amino acids by binding with the anti-codon of tRNA; stops UAA, UAG, UGA [elongation ends]
Triplet
DNA; three base sequence that calls for an amino acid
Codon
mRNA; three base sequence that calls for an amino acid
Anticodon
tRNA; three base sequence that calls for an amino acid
Four types of tissues
Epithelial (separates, lines organs, forms glands), CT (proper, structural, blood), muscle (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), nervous
Epithelial tissue (layers, shapes, functions, and examples)
Layers (simple vs stratified)
Shapes (squamous - diffuses, cuboidal - absorption/secretion, columnar - absorption/secretion, pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar - respiratory)
Top - apical surface, bottom - basal surface
No blood vessels, highly regenerative
Examples
Simple squamous: diffusion (e.g. air sacs in lungs)
Cuboidal: secretion and absorption (e.g. kidney tubules aka urine tubes)
Columnar simple: secretion and absorption (e.g. gastro-intestinal tract)
Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated: movement of mucus (e.g. upper-respiratory tract)
Stratified squamous: protection (e.g. skin)
Transitional: stretches to store urine (e.g. lines the urinary bladder)
Connective tissue (general info; components)
Most abundant, diverse, widely distributed
Components 1. Cells, matrix (2. protein fibers & 3. ground substances)
Most cells in connective tissue are not in direct contact w/each other (compare w/epithelium which are mostly tight junctions); polarity of CT - one side is free, the other its attached??
Endocrine vs exocrine glands
Endocrine (ductless, loses duct) secretes hormones into interstitial fluid, blood and lymph
Exocrine (retains duct) connected w/epithelial surface
Muscle tissue (shape, regenerative capability)
Skeletal - highly cellular and well vascularized; has weakest regenerative ability; cylindrical, multinucleate, striated cells
Cardiac has virtually no functional regenerative ability; cells are branching chains
Smooth has greatest ability to regenerate; moderate; cells are spindle shaped, uninuclear, non-striated
Nervous tissue
Neurons transmit from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands)
Dendrites surround the cell membrane, axon is cylinder protruding from cell, axon terminal is the end of the cylinder
Integumentary system (functions)
Functions as 1) protection (chemical, physical, biological), 2) temp regulation, 3) cutaneous sensations, 4) metabolic, 5) blood reservoir, 6) excretion
Stages of wound healing
Tissue repair begins with inflammation
Sweat glands
Two types: merocrine (eccrine) - thermoregulation; apocrine - pheromone
Methods of secretion of exocrine glands (ESSAY QUESTION)
Exocrine glands retains their ducts; connected w/epithelial surface: exocytosis (e.g. sweat [i.e. sudoriferous], oil [i.e. sebaceous], mammary, salivary glands)
Methods of secretion
Merocrine (eecrine) glands; e.g., salivary, eccrine sweat glands (regulate temp, regulated by the sympathetic n.s.) (eccrine = using exocytosis)
Apocrine glands (also merocrine gland) - pinching off apical portion of secretory cell (mammary) (apocrine sweat glands in axillary and pubic area - pheromone)
Holocrine glands - the secretory cell ruptures, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments (sebaceous [oil] widely distributed EXCEPT thick skin of palms and soles; secretes sebum (fat & cell debris)
Macrophage
Macrophages phagocytize dead and dying cells and other debris.
Fibrosis
Replaces destroyed tissue with scar tissue, which is dense connective tissue.
Tonicity
Tonicity - the ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of the cell (causing the cell to swell or shrink) by osmosis
Isotonic - .9% NaCl/5% glucose is same as cytosol (body fluid); anything above this is hyper, below this is hypo
Hypotonic - solution w/lower concentration of solutes than cytosol; may cause lysis (rupture); water moves outside to inside; moving down concentration gradient
Hypertonic - solution w/higher concentration of solutes than cytosol; may cause crenation; water moves inside to outside; moving up concentration gradient
Ischemia
Lack of blood
Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen
Which organs belong to two organ systems?
Pancreas (digestive & endocrine), spleen (lymph & circulatory), thymus (endo & lymph), diaphragm (respiratory & muscle)
Describe significant factors that account for different concentrations of glucose and sodium chloride being isotonic to each other and to body cells
Cells (general info, functions, types; ESSAY QUESTION)
Cells - structural & functional units of the body (apoptosis - programmed cell death)
General cell functions - maintain integrity & shape, obtain nutrients, dispose of wastes
Types differ in size, shape, subcellular components, and function
Cell junctions
1) Tight junction (e.g., skin) - Leak-proof (predominantly epithelial)
2) Desmosomes - Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
3) Gap junctions - Connexons between cells allow communication (pass nutrients and ions to each other directly)
Peripheral proteins and their functions
Support the membrane from its cytoplasmic side, enzymes, motor proteins involved in mechanical functions (changing cell shape during cell division and muscle cell contraction), link cells together