test 4 lec 25

Question 1

methanotrophy is a form of

Answer 1

methylotrophy

Question 2

what is the simplest form of methanogenesis

Answer 2

hydrogen reduction of CO2

Question 3

other than H2 are there strong inorganic substrates electron donors

Answer 3

no they are poor electron donors

Question 4

what are some characteristics of acidithiobacillus

Answer 4

oxidizes sulfides of iron and copper
lithotrophs
dissolves metal from rock

Question 5

what are nitrifiers

Answer 5

bacteria that generate nitrites and nitrates

Question 6

what bacteria is used for iron oxidation

Answer 6

acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Question 7

what bacteria is used for commercial minning

Answer 7

acidithiobacillus ferroxidans

Question 8

how are metal ions oxidized outside of the cell

Answer 8

the electrons are collected from iron outside by an outer membrane cytochrome C associated with a periplasmic protein called rusticyanin
excludes toxic metal from cell

Question 9

reduced metal ions provide energy through

Answer 9

oxidation by O2 or NO3-

Question 10

nearly all lithotrophs are what type of organism

Answer 10

bacteria and archaea

Question 11

each type of electron donor requires what

Answer 11

a specialized electron accepting oxidoreductase

Question 12

mathanogenesis is unique to

Answer 12

archaea

Question 13

what are obligate lithotrophs

Answer 13

oxidize only inorganic molecules

Question 14

what is dehalorespiration

Answer 14

form of hydrogenotrophy

some anaerobes can use halogenated hydrocarbons as TEA for energy conservation

Question 15

what lithotrophy

Answer 15

the acquisition of energy by oxidation of inorganic electron donors

Question 16

what bacteria oxidizes ferrous sulfide with ferric iron and water

Answer 16

archaeon ferroplasma

Question 17

what do cofactors do in methanogenesis biochemical pathways

Answer 17

transfer hydrogens and increasingly reduced carbon to each enzyme in the pathway

Question 18

ponds with shifting anaerobic and aerobic environment what does it host

Answer 18

metal oxidizing lithotrophs and metal reducing anaerobic heterotrophs

Question 19

what is the function of the enzyme in the anammoxosomal membrane

Answer 19

reduces nitrite to nitric oxide and H2O

Question 20

what archaea oxidizes hydrogen sulfide to sulfuric acid and grow at a pH 2

Answer 20

sulfolbus spp

Question 21

hydrogentrophy is also important for

Answer 21

methanogenesis

Question 22

ammonia/ammonium and nitrite are kind of electron donors

Answer 22

poor

Question 23

what is anammox reaction

Answer 23

anaerobic ammonium oxidation using NO2- as a TEA

supports growth of bacteria with high ammonium and low oxygen

Question 24

reduced metal ions generate what

Answer 24

metal ions with higher oxidation states which other bacteria use for anaerobic respiration

Question 25

removal of electrons from Fe2+ requires what

Answer 25

input of energy, which compensated by the larger yield of energy from reducing O2 to H2O

Question 26

what are ladderanes

Answer 26

ladder shaped lipids in the anammoxosome membrane

Question 27

what is the end product of sulfur oxidation

Answer 27

sulfuric acid which dissociates to produce an extremely high H+ concentration

Question 28

what conducts annamox

Answer 28

plantomycetes | irregularly shaped bacteria

Question 29

function of hydrazine

Answer 29

further oxidize to N2 then protons are released which drives ATP synthase

Question 30

what is methylotrophy

Answer 30

oxidation of a single carbon molecules via an ETS

Question 31

what is an anammoxosome

Answer 31

central compartment of planctomycetes

Question 32

what is nitrogen oxidation

Answer 32

go from ammonium to nitric acid (nitrate)

Question 33

what happens when sulfur oxidation occurs in presence of iron

Answer 33

environmental acidification | eroding structures

Question 34

how can ammonium yield energy

Answer 34

through oxidation by nitirite produced from nitrate respiration

Question 35

what is hydrogentrophy

Answer 35

use of molecular hydrogen as an electron donor

Question 36

what are methanotrophs

Answer 36

prokaryotes that oxidize methane with a TEA such as O2, nitrate or sulfate

Question 37

what is leaching

Answer 37

process of metal dissolution from ores

Question 38

what are major sources of lithotrophic electron donors

Answer 38

minerals containing reduced sulfur

Question 39

why is H2 difficult to characterize

Answer 39

inorganic, oxidation by O2 is considered lithotrophy byt many species that oxidize H2 with molecular oxygen are organotrophs reduce organic electron acceptor considered fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Question 40

what does hydrazine synthase do

Answer 40

catalyzes NO reduction by NH4+ to form hydrazine