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Psychology 101 > TEST 4-Memory and Thinking > Flashcards

TEST 4-Memory and Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

What is the retention of information or experience over time?

A

Memory

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2
Q

What are the three memory phases?

A

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

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3
Q

What are the two types of memory encoding?

A

Automatic and Effort

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4
Q

What is the type of memory encoding that involves paying attention, processing deeply, and using mental imagery?

A

Effortfull

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5
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Focusing on a specific aspect of an experience while ignoring other stimuli

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6
Q

What is divided attention?

A

Concentrating on more than one activity at a time

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7
Q

What is sustained attention?

A

Ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

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8
Q

What is sustained attention also called?

A

vigilance

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9
Q

What are the three levels of processing?

A

Shallow, Intermediate and deep

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10
Q

What is the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding?

A

Elaboration

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11
Q

Who developed the dual code for mental and verbal code?

A

Paivo

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12
Q

What is the Atkinson-shiffen theory?

A

Involves 3 seperate systems-
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory

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13
Q

What are the subsections of Sensory Memory?

A

Echoic memory-Auditory

Iconic memory-Visual

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14
Q

What is the formula for short term memory?

A

7 +- 2

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15
Q

What is chunking?

A

Grouping or packing info that exceeds the 7 +-2 into higher order units that can be remembered as single units

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16
Q

What is the concious repition of information?

A

rehersal

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17
Q

What type of memory is the combination of components that include short term memory and attention that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks?

A

Working memory

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18
Q

What is the formula for working memory?

A

4 +- 2

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19
Q

What is Boddley’s Model?

A

Phonological loop
Visuo-spacial sketchpad
Central excecutive

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20
Q

What are the two subsets of Long term memory?

A

Explicit memory and Implicit memory

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21
Q

What are the two subsets of Explicit memory?

A

Episodic and semantic

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22
Q

What are the 3 subsets of Implicit memory?

A

procedural
Classical conditioning
Priming

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23
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Rentention of information about where, what, when of life’s happenings
-includes autobiographical memory

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24
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Pertains to a person’s knowledge about the world

individual of a person’s identity

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25
What is procedural memory?
Memory for skills
26
What is priming?
activation of information in storage that helps them to remember new information faster and better
27
What is retrieval?
Information that was retained comes out of storage
28
What is the serial position effect?
tendancy to recall items at begining and end of a list
29
What are the two subcategories of the serial position effect?
Primacy-begining of list | Recency-end of list
30
Where do retrival cues take place?
In working memory
31
What is the memory task which allows us to to retrieve previously learned information?
Recall
32
What is the memory task which allows us to only identify learned items from options?
Recognition
33
What is context dependant memory?
When we have better recall when we attempt to recall information the same way we learned it
34
What is flashbulb memory?
Memories of emotional significance which are recalled with accuracy and vivid imagery
35
What is repression?
A defense mechanism in which a person is so traumatized they forget and forget the act of forgetting
36
What is motivated forgetting?
when the pain or anxiety is so intolerable that they forcefully forget
37
What is it called when information never enters long term memory?
encoding failure
38
What are retrival failures?
Interference theory and decay theory
39
What are the two subcategories of Interference theory?
Proactive interference-Material learned earlier disrupts material learned later Retroactive interference-When material learned later affects material learned earlier
40
What is Anterograde amnesia?
Memory disorder which affects retention of new info and events
41
What is Retrograde amnesia?
Memory disorder which affects past events
42
What is the cognitive store?
Emergency stash of mental capacity that allows individuals to avoid negative effects of harm to the brain
43
What is the way information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking and knowing?
Cognition
44
What is the study of conciousness as well as cognitive neuroscience?
Cognitive psychology
45
What is the manipulation of information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions and reflecting in a critical or creative manner?
thinking
46
What are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and help us to make sense of information?
Concepts
47
What is a prototype model?
When people use characteristic properties to create a representation of the average or ideal member
48
What are the 4 steps of problem solving?
Find and Frame Develop good problem solving skills Evaluate solutions Rethink & Redefine problems
49
What are subgoals?
Intermedite goals which are devised to put us in a better postion to reach our final goal
50
What are algorithms?
Strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem
51
What are heuristics?
Shortcuts or guidelines that suggest a solution but do not guarantee a solution
52
What are the 3 obstacles in problem solving?
Fixation Functional Fixation Cognitive flexiblity
53
What is fixation?
Using previous strategies and failing to look at problem from a new perspective
54
What is Functional Fixation?
When individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on things normal functions
55
What is cognitive flexiblity?
Recognizing that options are available and adapting to the situation
56
What is the mental activity of transforming information to reach a conclusion?
Reasoning
57
What is inductive reasoning?
Reasoning from a specific observations to make generalizations
58
What is deductive reasoning?
Reasoning from a generalized principle that we know to be true to a specific instance
59
What involves evaluating alternatives and choosing among them?
Decision making
60
What are the two systems of Reasoning?
Automatic and Controlled
61
What is the automatic system of reasoning?
Rapid, neuristic, associatative and intuitive | -involves following ones hunches
62
What is the controlled system of reasoning?
Slower, effortful, and analytical | -involves concious reflection
63
What is a confirmation bias?
tendancy to search for and use information which supports our ideas rather than refutes them
64
What is a hindsight bias?
tendency to report false after the fact | "I knew all along" effect
65
What is availability heuristic?
Prediction of the probability of an event based off ease of recalling or imagining similar events
66
What is base rate neglect?
Tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of a very specific but vivid information
67
What is the representivness heuristic?
Tendency to make judgements about group membership based on physical apperance
68
What is bias blind spot?
when deep thinkers don't recognize their own vunerablity to bias
69
What is critical thinking?
Means thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating evidence
70
What is mindfulness?
Being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities
71
What is open mindedness?
Being receptive to other ways of looking at things
72
What is creativity?
Ability to think about something in a novel and unusual way to devise unconventional solutions to problems
73
What is divergent thinking?
Produces many solutions to a problem
74
What is convergent thinking?
Produces single best solution to problem
75
What is cognitive appraisal?
Person's interpretation of a situation
76
What is Primary appraisal?
Individuals interpretation of whether an even involves harm, a threat or challenge to be overcome
77
What is secondary appraisal?
Individuals evaluate resources to determine how effectively they can be used to cope with an event
78
What is cognitive reappraisal?
Involves regulating our feelings about an experience by looking at it from a different angle

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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