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OB/GYN review > Test 4 Part 1 > Flashcards

Test 4 Part 1 Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

where does the umbilical vein enter?

A

left portal vein

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2
Q

where do the umbilical arteries arise from?

A

internal iliac (hypogastric) arteries

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3
Q

what is the umbilical cord bathed in?

A

wharton jelly

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4
Q

what does the umbilical artery do?

A

return venous blood back to the placenta

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5
Q

describe umbilical artery resistance

A
  • low resistance near the fetal insertion

- high resistance near the placental inserton

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6
Q

what does the umbilical vein do?

A

carries oxygenated blood

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7
Q

describe the flow in the umbilical vein?

A
  • continuous low flow through systole and diastole

- flow is directed from the placenta to the fetus

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8
Q

what does having a single umbilical artery increase the risk of?

A

associated fetal anomalies and IUGR

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9
Q

what does having a single umbilical artery associated with?

A

malformations of all major organ systems, chromosomal abnormalities

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10
Q

what is a nuchal cord?

A

-cord completely surrounds fetal neck with more than one loop

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11
Q

how does nuchal cord occur?

A

fetus will turn in and out of the umbilical cord throughout the pregnancy

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12
Q

what is a prolapsed cord?

A

cord precedes the fetus in the birth process

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13
Q

what is a battledore placenta (marginal)?

A

cord inserts into the end margin of the placenta

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14
Q

what is a circumvallate placenta?

A

abnormal placental shape in which the membranes insert away from the placental edge toward the center

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15
Q

what does having a circumvallate placenta increase the risk of?

A
  • abruption
  • IUGR
  • premature labour
  • perinatal death
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16
Q

what is a succenturiate placenta?

A

a result of the lack of the adjacent chorionic villi to atrophy

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17
Q

how many pregnancies does succeturiate placenta occur in?

A

5%

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18
Q

what does succenturiate placenta have an increased risk of?

A

velamentous cord and vasa previa

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19
Q

what is a chorioangioma?

A

placental hemangioma (no clinical significance when small)

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20
Q

how does a chorioangioma occur?

A

arises fromt he chorionic tissue of the amniotic surface of the placenta

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21
Q

what is a choriocarcinoma?

A

malignant form of trophoblastic disease

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22
Q

how does choriocarcinoma occur?

A

50% are preceeded by a molar pregnacy

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23
Q

what may a complete molar pregnancy may develop into?

A

choriocarcinoma

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24
Q

is a partial mole malignant?

A

carries little malignant potential

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25
what is a velamentous cord insertion?
umbilical cord inserts into the membranes before entering the placenta
26
what is a velamentous cord not protected by?
wharton jelly
27
what is velamentous cord associated with?
- preterm labour - abnormal fetal heart pattern - low Apgar scores - low birth weight - IUGR
28
what is hydrocephaly?
a dilated ventricle with enlargment of the head
29
what is ventriculomegaly?
dilation of the ventricles without enlargment of the head
30
what is the most common intracranial abnormality detected by US?
ventriculomeglay
31
what terms are sometimes used interchangeably?
hydrocephaly and ventriculomegaly
32
what is associated with hydrocephaly and ventriculomegaly?
high morbidity and mortality
33
what may be the result of a congenital anomaly or aquired?
hydrocephalus
34
what does hydrocephaly lead to?
intracranial pressire compromising brain parenchyma
35
what may ventricular enlargment result from?
compensation for atrophy or abnormal development of brain parenchyma
36
what are causes of hydrocephaly?
- holoprosencepahly - spina bifida - encephalocele - dandy-walker malformation - aqueductal stenosis - arachnoid cysts - agenesis of the corpus callosum
37
what can hydrocephaly be associated with?
- congenital infections - neoplasms - MSK anomalies - aneuploidy
38
what is holoprosencephaly?
encompasses a rangle of severity characterized by incomplete or lack of cleavag of the forbrain
39
what is the most severe holoprosencephaly?
alobar holoprosencephaly
40
describe alobar holoprosencephaly
- complete failure of separation of the forebrian | - fusion of the thalami, a single ventricle, and fusion of the cerebral hemispheres
41
what is absent in alobar holoprosencephaly?
- flax - corpus callosum - olfactory bulbs - optic tracts
42
what is semilobar holoprosencephaly?
partial cleavage of the forebrain and absence of the corpus callosum and olfactory bulbs
43
describe lobar holoprosencephaly?
- mildest form - seperation of the cerebrum - fusion of the lateral ventricles - absence of the corpus callosum
44
what is holoprosencephaly associated with?
- severe facial abnormalies - including cyclopia - ethmocephaly - cebocephaly - facial clefts
45
what chromosomal is holoprosencephaly associated with?
trisomy 13
46
what syndromes may holoprosencephaly be seen in?
- edwards syndrome (18) - Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome - Pallister Hall syndrome
47
who is holoprosencephaly more common in?
females
48
how is hydrancephaly characterized?
destruction of the brain parenchyma with replacement by cerebrospinal fluid
49
what are the causes of hydrancephaly?
- vascular malformation - congenital infections - cocaine abuse
50
how is dandy walker malformation characterized?
by absence or dysplasia of the cerebellar vermis and maldevelopment of the 4th ventricle with the replacement by a posterior fossa cyst
51
what is DWM associated with?
ventriculomagaly
52
what may DWM be isolated or associated with?
syndromes aneuploidy maternal infection
53
what intracranial anomalies is associted with DWM?
ACC
54
out of all infants who survive DWM, how many are intellectually impaired?
40%-70%
55
what is the purpose of the corpus collosum?
connects the cerebral hemispheres and aids in learning and memory
56
ACC may be found in ________
isolation
57
what can ACC be associated with?
other anomlaies of central nervous system, a variety of chromosomal anomlies, syndromes, and metabolic diseases
58
what are the symptoms of ACC?
asymptomatic or have a grave prognosis when severe anomalies are identified
59
what cysts in the brain resolve?
choroid plexus cysts
60
what are choriod plexus cysts associated with?
aneuploididy (mostly 18)
61
what should be done when a choroid plexus cyst has been identified?
a targeted sonogram to search for additional anomalies should be preformed
62
A new risk for aneuploidy can be given that combines ____________
the targeted scan and serum screen with maternal age and family history
63
what is the most comon congenital defect of the face?
cleft lip/palate
64
cleft palate occurs in approx ____ of cases of cleft lip
80%
65
what side are unilateral cleft more commonly?
left sided
66
what are median clefts and bilateral cleft associated with?
cleft palate
67
what does cleft lip/palate have an increased frequency of?
- aneuploidy - skeletal anomalies - syndromes
68
what is micrognathia?
small or recessed chin
69
what is micrognathia associated with?
- aneuploidy - skeletal anomalies - multiple syndromes
70
what are the most common anomalies associated with micrognathia?
trisomy 13 and 18
71
what plane is micrognathia identfied on US?
sag plane
72
what may be identified in associated with micrognathia?
polyhydramnois
73
what is congenital diaphrahmatic hernia?
herniation of abdominal contents into the thorax through a defect in the diaphragm
74
what has been assosiated with CDH?
gentic and teratogenic factors
75
which side is CDH more common on?
left side
76
what is CDH associated with?
- chromosomal anomalies | - defects of the central nervous system and heart
77
what is the most common sonogrpahic finding in CDH?
stomach above the diaphragm
78
what is congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation?
a rare lung abnormality charcterized by an overgrowth of terminal bronchopulmonary tissue
79
what is type 0 CCAM?
acinar dysplasia
80
what is type 1 CCAM?
macrocystic masses that consist of multiple large cyst
81
what is type 2 CCAM?
single large cyst and smaller cysts less than 1cm
82
what is type 3 CCAM?
a microcystic variety that appears as a large echogenic mass
83
what is a type 4 CCAM?
a peripheral cyst
84
is CCAM usually bilateral or unilateral?
unilateral involving one lung
85
what may CCAM be associated with?
- hydrops - polyhydramnois - pulmonary hypoplasia
86
what is pulmonary sequestration?
a rare abnormality characterized by a mass of lung tissue
87
what does pulmonary seqstration not connect with?
tracheobronchial tree
88
what does pulmonary sequestration have that is seperate?
seperate blood supply that usually originates form the abdominal aorta
89
which type of pulmonary sequestration has the most anomalies?
extralobar (may appear above or below the diaphragm)
90
what is pulmonary sequestration associated with postnatally?
- mediastinal shift - pleural effusion - hydrops
91
what are the outcomes for pulmonary sequestration?
newborns may die of pulmonary hypoplasia or be completely asymptomatc and need respiratory support or surgery to resect the sequestered lung
92
what is pulmonary effusion? (EF-hydrothorax)
a rare entity characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the fetal thorax
93
what is the outcomes of pulmoary effusion?
- resolve spontaneously - lead to pulmonary hypoplasia - progress to hydrops - fetal death
94
what is pulmonary effusion associated with?
- CCAM - pulmonary sequestration - CDH - cardiac defects - chromosomal anomalies - other structural defects
95
how can sonographic diagnosis be made of PE?
when fluid is identified in the fetal thorax surrounding lung tissue

OB/GYN review (8 decks)

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