Test 5

Question 1

The first line of defense against invading microorganisms is composed of a variety of cells, bodily fluids, functions that are collectively known as

Answer 1

innate immunity

Question 2

what does PMN stand for?

Answer 2

Polymorphonuclearlymphocyte

Question 3

what are the most numerous and most important cellular component in the innate immune response.

Answer 3

neutrophils

Question 4

Neutrophils respond to chemotactic factors and migrate through the endothelium and epithelium of the gingival crevice., True or False

Answer 4

True

Question 5

what are antigen processing cells that also releases cytokines

Answer 5

monocytes

Question 6

what cells function is Central to activating the adaptive immune response, and are important in wound healing.

Answer 6

monocytes

Question 7

what receptors are found in gingival tissue in severe periodontitis and participate in innate immune responses to bacteria in periodontal tissues and in the dentin/pulp complex.

Answer 7

TLR (toll like receptors)

Question 8

what is an important physiological response and without it we could not resist infection or heal from injury.

Answer 8

inflammation

Question 9

if what is successful, microbes can be eliminated and replication of tissue cells/repair can occur.

Answer 9

inflammation

Question 10

Calor, Tumor, Rubor, and Dolor stand for what

Answer 10

Heat, Swelling, Redness, Pain

Question 11

what are small cell-signaling protein molecules secreted by numerous kinds of cells, that enhances inflammation

Answer 11

cytokines

Question 12

Vasodilation = increased blood flow
Vascular permeability = blood cells and plasma enter tissues
Recruitment and activation of white blood cells
Secretion of inflammatory mediators
Removal of debris/microorganisms by phagocytic cells

All the following are examples of what

Answer 12

role of inflammation

Question 13

what cells Increase vascular permeability, activate and attract more PMNs and lymphocytes

Answer 13

cytokines

Question 14

what plays a role in elevating temperatures that harms bacteria and enhances immunity

Answer 14

cytokines

Question 15

what cells Induce acute phase proteins in the liver, including CRP, which mimics antibodies and can opsonize bacteria and activate C’

Answer 15

cytokines

Question 16

if inflammation becomes chronic what can it cause

Answer 16

tissue damage

Question 17

what is a major inflammatory disease of the oral cavity

Answer 17

periodontitis

Question 18

what can act as accessory immune cells and promote inflammation.

Answer 18

gingival and PDL fibroblasts

Question 19

What binds to TRLs and activates them to produce pro- inflammatory molecules that contribute to periodontal inflammation and breakdown.

Answer 19

LPS

Question 20

neutrophil dysfunction can lead to what

Answer 20

aggressive periodontitis

Question 21

periodontal inflammation leads stimulates what

Answer 21

osteoclastogenesis

Question 22

inflammatory promoters may interfere with what

Answer 22

bone formation

Question 23

Under inflammatory conditions, growth and differentiation factors which stimulate osteoblasts, produced during bone resorption are not what

Answer 23

present is sufficient amounts

Question 24

Corticosteroids like hydrocortisone or dexamethasone can do what

Answer 24

suppress inflammation

Question 25

cytokines can contribute to diabetes. IL- 1  has _______ effects on pancreatic  cells

Answer 25

cytotoxic

Question 26

Clearing of inflammatory factors is an __________rather than a passive one that simply occurs over time.

Answer 26

active process

Question 27

what is derived from arachidonic acid have anti-inflammatory effects: i.e. inhibit PMN chemotaxis and inflammatory gene expression.

Answer 27

lipoxins

Question 28

What inhibits the migration of inflammatory cells and also inhibit the activation of a transcription factor important in the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules.

Answer 28

resolvins

Question 29

What molecules form an important part of the inflammatory response of the body against infection.

Answer 29

IL-1

Question 30

the combination of what three things demonstrated successful reduction of gingival inflammation, reduction of pocket depth and attachment level gain, accompanied by reduction of IL-1

Answer 30

aspirin, omega 3 and resolvins

Question 31

what permits the aggressive acute inflammation stage to occur

Answer 31

resolvins

Question 32

chlorohexidine and triclosan are exmples of what in regards to inflammation

Answer 32

anti inflammatory

Question 33

what are rich in polyphenols, particularly proanthocyanidins (PACs) which have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory, and anti-adhesive activities.

Answer 33

cranberries

Question 34

Majority reside in tissues, rather than in circulation, and is Important in fighting parasitic infections is what type of cell

Answer 34

eosinophil

Question 35

what Produces pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators and has receptors for IgE

Answer 35

eosinophils

Question 36

what become mast cells in mucosal and epithelial tissues, have Receptors for IgE, Release histamine from granules, and play a major Role in allergies

Answer 36

basophils

Question 37

Increased number of mast cells in periodontal and gingival lesions and in patients with what

Answer 37

aggessive periodontitis

Question 38

what Differentiate into plasma cells that make | immunoglobulins

Answer 38

B lymphocytes

Question 39

what antibodies are secreted in saliva

Answer 39

IgA, IgM

Question 40

what antibodies are traditionally made by hybrid cells produced by fusing tumor cells with spleen (antibody-producing) cells from an immunized animal.

Answer 40

Monoclonal antibodies

Question 41

Non-B, non-T lymphocytes that can kill tumor cells or virus-infected cells by various means including antibody-coated cells via antibody-dependent cell- mediated cytotoxicity are called

Answer 41

natural killer cells

Question 42

most important humoral response is

Answer 42

neutrophils

Question 43

what cells participate in the immune response to periodontopathogens and in pulpitis/periapical inflammation

Answer 43

Th1, Th2 (T helper cells)

Question 44

what can suppress immune responses via TGF  and may be involved in the regulation of immune response in periodontitis.

Answer 44

Th3 or CD4+

Question 45

what cells are heterogeneous group of T cells that share properties of both T cells and natural killer (NK) cells

Answer 45

Natural killer T cells

Question 46

what cells Become cytotoxic effector cells and induce the death of infected cells,or tumor cells.

Answer 46

Cytotoxic T cells, (CD8+)

Question 47

Disturbances of the ratio of helper cells and negative regulatory cells may be involved in periodontitis and pulpitis. True or false

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

which Th is involved in cell mediated immunity, which Th is involved in hummoral immunity

Answer 48

Th1 , Th2

Question 49

Series of processes initiated by antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells, which play the main role, and also characterized by an inflammatory reaction rich in highly activated macrophages and natural killer cells is called

Answer 49

cell mediated immunity

Question 50

Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for many human ______ disease

Answer 50

cancerous

Question 51

what synthesize pro-inflammatory | prostaglandins that are also active under inflammatory conditions.

Answer 51

COX 1 , COX 2

Question 52

What is important in normal tissue development and regeneration.

Answer 52

HGF/SF

Question 53

Certain bacteria possesses the ability to store polysaccharide and continue to secrete acid long after the food has been swallowed is an example of what bacteria

Answer 53

strep mutans

Question 54

what protects the teeth in many ways but mainly by neutralizing acid and affecting mineral dissociation equilibrium by means of its calcium phosphate content.

Answer 54

saliva

Question 55

what is a critical first step in pathogenesis.

Answer 55

adherence

Question 56

what extends the depth and duration of dental plaque acidification

Answer 56

catabolism of fructans

Question 57

Fluoride ion is a potent inhibitor of what bacterial enzyme that produces PEP, which metabolizes to Lactate.

Answer 57

enolase

Question 58

what is the region called that is located from the base of the sulcus near the alveolar bone to the alveolar crest called

Answer 58

biological width

Question 59

what is the measurement of the biological width

Answer 59

2 mm

Question 60

the biological width functions to do what

Answer 60

innate host defense or barrier region

Question 61

what is the measurement of the CT attachment and epithelial attachment that make up the biological width? what is the measurement of the sulcus

Answer 61

CT attachment 1.07 mm Epithelial attachment 0.97 mm Sulcus 0.69 mm

Question 62

Junctional epithelium is firmly attached to what

Answer 62

root surface

Question 63

what cleans the sulcus, has antimicrobial ability and increases during inflammation

Answer 63

Gingival cervical fluid (GCF)

Question 64

what is the measurement of the width of the PDL

Answer 64

0.2-0.3 mm

Question 65

what is a soft casing for vessels and nerves, attaches teeth to bone, transmits occlusal force to bone and function in shock absorbtion

Answer 65

PDL

Question 66

what is a type of mineralized connective tissue found around tooth

Answer 66

cementum

Question 67

What is most similar to bone, but doesnt have as much inorganic material and is avascular

Answer 67

cementum

Question 68

why can enamel not overlap cementum

Answer 68

because it is laid down first

Question 69

What percentage does cementum overlap enamel What percentage does cementum meet enamel What percentage does cementum have a gap between enamel

Answer 69

60-65% 30% 5-10%

Question 70

the cortical plate is made up of what

Answer 70

compact bone (haversion systems)

Question 71

What is the isolated portion of tooth that is not covered by bone called? the margin is covered though, where is it found

Answer 71

fenestration, facially

Question 72

Dehiscence is described as what

Answer 72

where tooth is not covered by bone anywhere, not even at marginal area

Question 73

Maturation of plaque biofilm is signaled by

Answer 73

bacterial co aggregation

Question 74

During what time period after cleaning does clinical development of plaque increase most rapidly

Answer 74

1-4 days

Question 75

what is the proteinaccous secretory product of the REE

Answer 75

cuticle

Question 76

what is the quick forming material composed of peptidoglycan and proteins

Answer 76

pellicle

Question 77

general gingivitis is most representative of what theory

Answer 77

non specific plaque theory

Question 78

Gram negative anaerobes predominate periodontitis but are rarely found in gingivitis T/F

Answer 78

first true second false

Question 79

increase RBC count is not apart of what immunity

Answer 79

adaptive immune response

Question 80

what are the three developmental dental deposits

Answer 80

primary dental cuticle, secondary cellular cuticle and coronal cementum

Question 81

what are a few of the acquired dental deposits

Answer 81

plaque, pellicle, calculus, materia alba

Question 82

what is the base of adhesion for dental plaque

Answer 82

pellicle

Question 83

what is the two major similarity between dental plaque and materia alba

Answer 83

relatively soft TAM, populated mostly by microorganisms

Question 84

what are two major differences between materia alba and dental plaque

Answer 84

greatly differ in physical properties and pathogenic potential

Question 85

what is the white material found in the mouth that can easily be removed with a mouth rinse, AND is not well organized

Answer 85

materia alba

Question 86

what is highly organized material that attaches to the tooth and has to be removed manually

Answer 86

dental plaque

Question 87

what protects bacteria from host defenses

Answer 87

biofilm

Question 88

what are the primary biofilm colonizers

Answer 88

streptococci and actinomycetes, gram positive facilitated anaerobes

Question 89

what are the secondary biofilm colonizers

Answer 89

P intermedia, P gingivalis and fusobacterium, gram negative anaerobes

Question 90

what is the transition called from primary to secondary colonizers

Answer 90

microbial succesion

Question 91

which is reversible or irreversible initial adhesion or attachment

Answer 91

attachment is irreversible and initial adhesion is reversible

Question 92

when is clinical plaque development at its minimum after prophylaxis

Answer 92

0-24 hours

Question 93

The growth of plaque slows and a shift occurs because bacteria have maxed out nutrients what time period after cleaning

Answer 93

4+ days

Question 94

Describe where plaque growth is most rapid (several areas)

Answer 94

interproximally, under contact point, thicker on rough surfaces, faster on mandible and buccal regions

Question 95

what is not associated with faster plaque formation, where as inflammation is

Answer 95

age

Question 96

what is plaque that has mineralized with in 24 hours called

Answer 96

calculus

Question 97

what is most detremental to gingival tissue and why

Answer 97

un-attached plaque because it is closest to the junctional gingiva

Question 98

what is the least detremental to gingival tissue

Answer 98

calculus