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Pathobiology > Test 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The first line of defense against invading microorganisms is composed of a variety of cells, bodily fluids, functions that are collectively known as

A

innate immunity

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2
Q

what does PMN stand for?

A

Polymorphonuclearlymphocyte

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3
Q

what are the most numerous and most important cellular component in the innate immune response.

A

neutrophils

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4
Q

Neutrophils respond to chemotactic factors and migrate through the endothelium and epithelium of the gingival crevice., True or False

A

True

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5
Q

what are antigen processing cells that also releases cytokines

A

monocytes

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6
Q

what cells function is Central to activating the adaptive immune response, and are important in wound healing.

A

monocytes

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7
Q

what receptors are found in gingival tissue in severe periodontitis and participate in innate immune responses to bacteria in periodontal tissues and in the dentin/pulp complex.

A

TLR (toll like receptors)

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8
Q

what is an important physiological response and without it we could not resist infection or heal from injury.

A

inflammation

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9
Q

if what is successful, microbes can be eliminated and replication of tissue cells/repair can occur.

A

inflammation

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10
Q

Calor, Tumor, Rubor, and Dolor stand for what

A

Heat, Swelling, Redness, Pain

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11
Q

what are small cell-signaling protein molecules secreted by numerous kinds of cells, that enhances inflammation

A

cytokines

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12
Q

Vasodilation = increased blood flow
Vascular permeability = blood cells and plasma enter tissues
Recruitment and activation of white blood cells
Secretion of inflammatory mediators
Removal of debris/microorganisms by phagocytic cells

All the following are examples of what

A

role of inflammation

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13
Q

what cells Increase vascular permeability, activate and attract more PMNs and lymphocytes

A

cytokines

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14
Q

what plays a role in elevating temperatures that harms bacteria and enhances immunity

A

cytokines

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15
Q

what cells Induce acute phase proteins in the liver, including CRP, which mimics antibodies and can opsonize bacteria and activate C’

A

cytokines

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16
Q

if inflammation becomes chronic what can it cause

A

tissue damage

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17
Q

what is a major inflammatory disease of the oral cavity

A

periodontitis

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18
Q

what can act as accessory immune cells and promote inflammation.

A

gingival and PDL fibroblasts

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19
Q

What binds to TRLs and activates them to produce pro- inflammatory molecules that contribute to periodontal inflammation and breakdown.

A

LPS

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20
Q

neutrophil dysfunction can lead to what

A

aggressive periodontitis

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21
Q

periodontal inflammation leads stimulates what

A

osteoclastogenesis

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22
Q

inflammatory promoters may interfere with what

A

bone formation

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23
Q

Under inflammatory conditions, growth and differentiation factors which stimulate osteoblasts, produced during bone resorption are not what

A

present is sufficient amounts

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24
Q

Corticosteroids like hydrocortisone or dexamethasone can do what

A

suppress inflammation

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25
Q

cytokines can contribute to diabetes. IL- 1  has _______ effects on pancreatic  cells

A

cytotoxic

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26
Q

Clearing of inflammatory factors is an __________rather than a passive one that simply occurs over time.

A

active process

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27
Q

what is derived from arachidonic acid have anti-inflammatory effects: i.e. inhibit PMN chemotaxis and inflammatory gene expression.

A

lipoxins

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28
Q

What inhibits the migration of inflammatory cells and also inhibit the activation of a transcription factor important in the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules.

A

resolvins

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29
Q

What molecules form an important part of the inflammatory response of the body against infection.

A

IL-1

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30
Q

the combination of what three things demonstrated successful reduction of gingival inflammation, reduction of pocket depth and attachment level gain, accompanied by reduction of IL-1

A

aspirin, omega 3 and resolvins

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31
Q

what permits the aggressive acute inflammation stage to occur

A

resolvins

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32
Q

chlorohexidine and triclosan are exmples of what in regards to inflammation

A

anti inflammatory

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33
Q

what are rich in polyphenols, particularly proanthocyanidins (PACs) which have
anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory, and anti-adhesive activities.

A

cranberries

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34
Q

Majority reside in tissues, rather than in circulation, and is Important in fighting parasitic infections is what type of cell

A

eosinophil

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35
Q

what Produces pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators and has receptors for IgE

A

eosinophils

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36
Q

what become mast cells in mucosal and epithelial tissues, have Receptors for IgE, Release histamine from granules, and play a major Role in allergies

A

basophils

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37
Q

Increased number of mast cells in periodontal and gingival lesions and in patients with what

A

aggessive periodontitis

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38
Q

what Differentiate into plasma cells that make

immunoglobulins

A

B lymphocytes

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39
Q

what antibodies are secreted in saliva

A

IgA, IgM

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40
Q

what antibodies are traditionally made by hybrid cells produced by fusing tumor cells with spleen (antibody-producing) cells from an immunized animal.

A

Monoclonal antibodies

41
Q

Non-B, non-T lymphocytes that can kill tumor cells or virus-infected cells by various means including antibody-coated cells via antibody-dependent cell- mediated cytotoxicity are called

A

natural killer cells

42
Q

most important humoral response is

A

neutrophils

43
Q

what cells participate in the immune response to periodontopathogens and in pulpitis/periapical inflammation

A

Th1, Th2 (T helper cells)

44
Q

what can suppress immune responses via TGF  and may be involved in the regulation of immune response in periodontitis.

A

Th3 or CD4+

45
Q

what cells are heterogeneous group of T cells that share properties of both T cells and natural killer (NK) cells

A

Natural killer T cells

46
Q

what cells Become cytotoxic effector cells and induce the death of infected cells,or tumor cells.

A

Cytotoxic T cells, (CD8+)

47
Q

Disturbances of the ratio of helper cells and negative regulatory cells may be involved in periodontitis and pulpitis. True or false

A

TRUE

48
Q

which Th is involved in cell mediated immunity, which Th is involved in hummoral immunity

A

Th1 , Th2

49
Q

Series of processes initiated by antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells, which play the main role, and also characterized by an inflammatory reaction rich in highly activated macrophages and natural killer cells is called

A

cell mediated immunity

50
Q

Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for many human ______ disease

A

cancerous

51
Q

what synthesize pro-inflammatory

prostaglandins that are also active under inflammatory conditions.

A

COX 1 , COX 2

52
Q

What is important in normal tissue development and regeneration.

A

HGF/SF

53
Q

Certain bacteria possesses the ability to store polysaccharide and continue to secrete acid long after the food has been swallowed is an example of what bacteria

A

strep mutans

54
Q

what protects the teeth in many ways but mainly by neutralizing acid and affecting mineral dissociation equilibrium by means of its calcium phosphate content.

A

saliva

55
Q

what is a critical first step in pathogenesis.

A

adherence

56
Q

what extends the depth and duration of dental plaque acidification

A

catabolism of fructans

57
Q

Fluoride ion is a potent inhibitor of what bacterial enzyme that produces PEP, which metabolizes to Lactate.

A

enolase

58
Q

what is the region called that is located from the base of the sulcus near the alveolar bone to the alveolar crest called

A

biological width

59
Q

what is the measurement of the biological width

A

2 mm

60
Q

the biological width functions to do what

A

innate host defense or barrier region

61
Q

what is the measurement of the CT attachment and epithelial attachment that make up the biological width? what is the measurement of the sulcus

A

CT attachment 1.07 mm
Epithelial attachment 0.97 mm
Sulcus 0.69 mm

62
Q

Junctional epithelium is firmly attached to what

A

root surface

63
Q

what cleans the sulcus, has antimicrobial ability and increases during inflammation

A

Gingival cervical fluid (GCF)

64
Q

what is the measurement of the width of the PDL

A

0.2-0.3 mm

65
Q

what is a soft casing for vessels and nerves, attaches teeth to bone, transmits occlusal force to bone and function in shock absorbtion

A

PDL

66
Q

what is a type of mineralized connective tissue found around tooth

A

cementum

67
Q

What is most similar to bone, but doesnt have as much inorganic material and is avascular

A

cementum

68
Q

why can enamel not overlap cementum

A

because it is laid down first

69
Q

What percentage does cementum overlap enamel
What percentage does cementum meet enamel
What percentage does cementum have a gap between enamel

A

60-65%
30%
5-10%

70
Q

the cortical plate is made up of what

A

compact bone (haversion systems)

71
Q

What is the isolated portion of tooth that is not covered by bone called? the margin is covered though, where is it found

A

fenestration, facially

72
Q

Dehiscence is described as what

A

where tooth is not covered by bone anywhere, not even at marginal area

73
Q

Maturation of plaque biofilm is signaled by

A

bacterial co aggregation

74
Q

During what time period after cleaning does clinical development of plaque increase most rapidly

A

1-4 days

75
Q

what is the proteinaccous secretory product of the REE

A

cuticle

76
Q

what is the quick forming material composed of peptidoglycan and proteins

A

pellicle

77
Q

general gingivitis is most representative of what theory

A

non specific plaque theory

78
Q

Gram negative anaerobes predominate periodontitis but are rarely found in gingivitis T/F

A

first true second false

79
Q

increase RBC count is not apart of what immunity

A

adaptive immune response

80
Q

what are the three developmental dental deposits

A

primary dental cuticle, secondary cellular cuticle and coronal cementum

81
Q

what are a few of the acquired dental deposits

A

plaque, pellicle, calculus, materia alba

82
Q

what is the base of adhesion for dental plaque

A

pellicle

83
Q

what is the two major similarity between dental plaque and materia alba

A

relatively soft TAM, populated mostly by microorganisms

84
Q

what are two major differences between materia alba and dental plaque

A

greatly differ in physical properties and pathogenic potential

85
Q

what is the white material found in the mouth that can easily be removed with a mouth rinse, AND is not well organized

A

materia alba

86
Q

what is highly organized material that attaches to the tooth and has to be removed manually

A

dental plaque

87
Q

what protects bacteria from host defenses

A

biofilm

88
Q

what are the primary biofilm colonizers

A

streptococci and actinomycetes, gram positive facilitated anaerobes

89
Q

what are the secondary biofilm colonizers

A

P intermedia, P gingivalis and fusobacterium, gram negative anaerobes

90
Q

what is the transition called from primary to secondary colonizers

A

microbial succesion

91
Q

which is reversible or irreversible initial adhesion or attachment

A

attachment is irreversible and initial adhesion is reversible

92
Q

when is clinical plaque development at its minimum after prophylaxis

A

0-24 hours

93
Q

The growth of plaque slows and a shift occurs because bacteria have maxed out nutrients what time period after cleaning

A

4+ days

94
Q

Describe where plaque growth is most rapid (several areas)

A

interproximally, under contact point, thicker on rough surfaces, faster on mandible and buccal regions

95
Q

what is not associated with faster plaque formation, where as inflammation is

A

age

96
Q

what is plaque that has mineralized with in 24 hours called

A

calculus

97
Q

what is most detremental to gingival tissue and why

A

un-attached plaque because it is closest to the junctional gingiva

98
Q

what is the least detremental to gingival tissue

A

calculus

Pathobiology (5 decks)

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