Test 5 Flashcards
(20 cards)
What kind of disease is cancer?
genetic, environmental, and viral
What causes cancer?
An interruption of the normal cell cycle
Define: Signal transduction
The name of the process for things getting done in a cell
Define: Protein Kinase
Enzyme that adds phosphates to proteins
Define: Protein Phosphatase
Enzyme that removes phosphates from proteins
Define: Proto-oncogenes
a gene that promotes regular cell growth, and can turn cancerous due to a gain-of-function mutation
Define: Somatic Mutation
non-inherited mutations that have happened during life, after the zygote stage
Define: Cascade
A series of events – a signal relay
How do proto-oncogenes turn cancerous?
normal genes promote growth, a gain of function mutation occurs, the gene now causes the cell to hyperactively duplicate/ignore normal signals
How do tumor suppressors contribute to cancer risk
normal processes inhibit cell growth, a loss-of-function mutation occurs, the gene now no longer prohibits cell growth, and increases cancer risk
What is Cyclin?
A protein that is degraded in a cyclical pattern, and causes the cell to enter S phase. is prohibited by Cyclin Dependent Kinase
Draw the cell cycle, including the control checkpoints and the number of chromosomes in each phase
Congrats! Suffer.
How would you stop a pathway?
disrupt any part of the pathway
What do you need to set up a gel sequence?
What is a dideoxynucleotide triphosphate (ddntp)
a terminator nucleotide without an oxygen on the 3’, so nothing can bind to it
Draw me a DNTP, DDNTP, and RNA and DNA molecules. highlight the differences
good job!
Which cancer causers (between tumor suppressors and oncogenes) are recessive and dominant?
Loss of function are often recessive, gain of function are usually dominant
What is inherited vulnerability?
an offspring that inherits a heterozygous gene with one broken allele
Define Angiogenesis
the ability for cells to recruit blood cells to them, used in embryonic development and cancer
