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101 LEC > TEST 6 > Flashcards

TEST 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the stages of NREM sleep?

A

N1 - Light sleep - muscle tone present and breathing regular (1-5mins)

N2 - Deeper sleep - HR and temp drop (25 mins in first cycle and lengthens with each cycle) **Teeth grinding occurs

N3 - Deepest NREM sleep - not easily awoken. Body repairs and regrows tissues, builds bone, muscle and strengthen immune system.
*Sleep walking, night terrors and bedwetting

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2
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A

Assoc with dreaming, not considered a restful sleep stage. Skeletal muscles are atonic & without movement. Breathing becomes erratic and irregular. Usually last 90 mins….First period lasts 10 min and adds up

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3
Q

What are the 4 functions of sleep?

A

-Physiological and psychological restorations
-Preserves cardiac function
-Release of Human growth hormone
-Brain restoration

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4
Q

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

A

Irritability
Cognitive impairment
Memory loss
Severe yawning
Hallucinations
ADHD symptoms
Impaired immune system
Risk of Type II DM
^HR
Tremors
AChes

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5
Q

Hypersomnia

A

Excess sleep that is not restful sleep

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6
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Just falls asleep in middle of activites

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7
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea

A

Airway collapes while they are asleep

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8
Q

Parasomnias

A

Unique sleep disorders
–Sleepwalking
–Sleep eating
–Nightmares

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9
Q

What are some factors that affect sleep?

A

Medications
Lifestyle
Emotional stress
Environment
Exercise & fatigue
Food and caloric intake

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10
Q

What do you assess for sleep problems?

A

Description - onset & duration
Usual pattern
illness
Current life events
Mental status
Environement

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11
Q

What are some interventions for sleep problems?

A

Environment controls - lights, noise
Promote routines
Promote comfort
Stress reduction - no school work before bed
Warm milk
avoid caffeine

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12
Q

What are 2 meds they use for sleep?

A

Hypnotics - induce sleep
Sedatives - not meant for sleep but has a calming effect

**Effective only a few weeks

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13
Q

What are the functions of body fluids?

A

-Transports nutrients, hormones, enzymes, blood
-Cellular metabolism and chemical functioning
-Solvent for electrolytes and non-electrolytes
-Maintains body temp
-Digestions and promotes elimination
-Tissue lubricant

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14
Q

Where is most water in the body found?

A

inside the cell

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15
Q

How much of an adults weight is water?

A

50-60%

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16
Q

How much fluid is inside and outside the cell?

A

Intracellular fluid - 70%
Extracellular fluid - 30%

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17
Q

What are solvents & solutes?

A

Solvents - liquids that hold a substance in a solution

Solutes - substances dissolved in a solation

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18
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Charged substance used to conduct electrical impulses across cells//Important for normal body function

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19
Q

Cations are what kind of charge?
Anions are what kind of charge?

A

Cations - positively charged
Anions - negatively charged

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20
Q

What are the major cations?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

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21
Q

What are the major Anions?

A

Chloride
Phosphate

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22
Q

What is the main function of sodium?

A

Controls and regulates volume of body fluids

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23
Q

What is the main function of potassium?

A

Cheif regulator of cellular enzyme activity and water content

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24
Q

What is the main function of calcium?

A

Nerve impulse, blood clotting, muscle contraction, B12 absorption

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25
What is the main function of Magnesium?
Metabolism of carbs and proteins, vital actions involving enzymes
26
What is the main action of chloride?
Maintains osmotic pressure in blood, produces hydrochloric acid
27
What is the main actions of phosphate?
Involved in important chemical reactions in the body, cell division and hereditary traits aids in bone development, muscle contraction, kidney function, nerve conduction, heartbeat regularity
28
What are the normal electrolyte levels for Sodium & Potassium?
Sodium - 135-145 mEg/L Potassium - 3.5-5.0 mEg/L
29
What are the normal electrolyte levels for Calcium?
Calcium - 8.6-10.2 mg/dl --4.5-5.1 mg/dl (ionized)
30
What are the normal electrolyte levels for Magnesium?
Magnesium - 1.3-2.3 mEg/l
31
What are the normal electrolyte levels for Chloride and Phosphate?
Chloride - 97-107 mEq/L Phosphate 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
32
What are the 4 processes by which fluid and solutes move across membranes?
Osmosis -water Diffusion - higher to lower Filtration - pressure Active transport - requires energy/ lower to higher
33
What is isotonic hypertonic hypotonic
Isotonic - same concentration of particles as plasma - NS(0.9% sodium chloride) Hypertonic - concentration of particles than plasma
34
How is fluid lost in the body
Kidneys: Urine Intestinal tract: feces Skin: sweat lungs: perspiration
35
What is Hyponatremia & Hypernatremia?
Hypo - Sodium BELOW 135 *Confusion/seizures/hypotension/muscle cramps Hyper - Sodium ABOVE 145 *Weak/confused/hallucinations/>urine output
36
What is hypokalemia and hyperkalemia? **Concerned more with cardiac
HYPO - Potassium BELOW 3.5 *Weak/cramps/fatigue/dysrhythmias HYPER - Potassium ABOVE 5.0 *Weak/cramps/dysrhythmias, decreased contractility, cardiac arrest
37
What is hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia?
HYPO - calcium BELOW 8.6 *numbness/tingle of fingers/mouth, tetany, cramps/ CHVOSTEKS & TROUSSEAU HYPER - ABOVE 10.2 *Nausea,vomit, bone pain, flank pain- kidney stones
38
What is hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia?
HYPO magnesium BELOW 1.3 *weak/tremors/tetany/seizures/mental changes HYPER - ABOVE 2.3 *nausea/vomit/weakness/lathargy
39
What is hypophosphatemia? and hyperphosphatemia?
HYPO - Phosphate BELOW 2.5 *Fatique/weakness/confusions/seizure HYPER - ABOVE 4.5 *Tetany, nausea, weakness
40
What are acids and bases?
Acids - substances that release hydrogen ions in a solution Bases - substances that remove hydrogen ions from a solution
41
What does pH measure?
level of acids and bases in a solution that is determined by the amount of hydrogen ions in the solution
42
What is normal level for pH, PaCO2, HCO3-
pH - 7.35-7.45 PaCO2 - 35-45mmHg HCO3- 22-26 mEq/L
43
Acid/base balance are retain or excreted by?
Lungs - retain/excrete Co2 Kidneys - retain/excrete bicarb
44
What Respiratory acidosis?
From decreased gas exchange that leads to hypercapnia -Kidneys compensate
45
What is respiratory alkalosis?
From hyperventilation and excess exhalation of C02 -Kidneys compensate
46
What is metabolic acidosis?
Due to loss of bicarbonate ions and or increase in acids produced as byproducts of a metabolic process
47
What is metabolic alkalosis?
Due to excessive intake of bicarbonate-containing medications or loss of gastric acids --lungs compensate
48
What are the organs function to maintain fluids? KIDNEYS CARDIOVASCULAR
Kidneys - filter plasma and excrete urine Cardiovascular - carries nutrients and water
49
What are the organs function for maintaining fluids? LUNGS ADRENAL GLANDS
Lungs - regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels Adrenal glands - conserve (sodium, chloride, water) excrete potassium
50
What are the organs function to maintain fluids? PITUITARY GLAND THYROID GLAND
Pituitary gland - stores and release ADH Thyroid gland - increases blood flow and increases renal circulation
51
What are the organs function to maintain fluids? PARATHYROID GLAND GI TRACTS
Parathyroid gland - regulate levels of calcium GI - absorb waster and nutrients
52
What are the signs of hypovolemia?
Tachycardia Hypotension Thready pulse Decreased skin tugor Orthostatic hypotension Dry mucous membranes
53
What are signs of hypervolemia?
Bounding pulse Crackles Distended neck veins Edema Hypertension
54
For weight, a change of 1 kg (2.2lbs) is equal to how much in fluid?
1 L (1000ml) of fluid
55
What are the functions of the skin?
Protection Sensation Vit D production Elimination Body temp reg Psychosocial
56
what leads to thin, easily damaged skin?
Prolonged maturation of epidermal cells
57
What are the 3 wound classifications?
Intentional - surgery / Unintentional Open or Closed Acute or Chronic
58
What are the 6 types of wounds?
Incision - a surgical cut Contusion - bruise Laceration - tearing of soft tissue, jagged Abrasion - scrape Puncture - small hole Pressure ulcer
59
What are the 4 phased of wound healing?
- Hemostasis - blood vessels constrict/clot formation - Inflammatory - WBC, phago - Proliferation - fibroblast create new granulation - pink/beefy red - Maturation/remodeling - scar formation
60
what is desiccation
dehydration
61
What is maceration?
over-hydration
62
Fistula?
When a wound goes all the way to an organ
63
What is dehiscence?
When the edges of a surgical wound separate
64
What is evisceration?
When internal contents spill out
65
what are some factors that lead to pressure ulcers?
Aging skin Chronic illness - circulatory issues immobility malnutrition incontinence
66
What is serous and sanguineous drainage?
Serous - clear Sanguineous - bloody
67
What is serosanguineous and purulent draninage?
Serosanguineous - watered down blood Purulent - thick yellow, green, tan, brown
68
What are the 6 stages of pressure ulcers?
stage 1 - persistent redness skin intact stage 2 - skin is broken stage 3- into subQ fat layer Stage 4 - deep into muscle and possible bone Unstagable - base of ulcer covered by slough
69
How to document the amount of drainage?
none - scant - small - dressing 25% saturated moderate - dressing is 50% large - 75-100% saturated
70
CARBOHYDRATES - Supplies body with how many kcal? -Purpose -Classified as
-4 kilocal per gram -Major supplier of energy -Simple - broken down/absorbed quickly -Complex - longer to break down/absorb
71
PROTEINS -Supplies body with how many kcal? -Purpose -Classified as
-4kilocal per gram -Develop, maintenance and repair of bodys tissues -complete - all 9 essential amino acids -incomplete - lacking 1 or more amino acids
72
LIPIDS -Supplies body with how many kcal? -Purpose -Classified as
-9kilocal per gram -energy, insulation, lubrication, vitamin absorption (DAKE), develop of cell membrane -Cholesterol - fat like found in animal products -Triglyceride - abundant found in foods
73
What kid of fats raises cholesterol levels?
Saturated fats will raise cholesterol levels
74
What are the water soluable vitamins? What are the fat soluble vitamins?
Water - C. B Fat - DAKE
75
What does Vitamin A do? Deficiency?
Resistance to infection and night vision Helps grow epithelial tissue and bones/teeth *Deficiency can cause night blindness, decreased immunity, impaired growth
76
What does vitamin D do?
development of bones and teeth
77
What does Vitamin E do?
Antioxidant that protects cells from free redicals, promotes healthy immune system
78
WHat does vitamin K do?
essential for synthesis of proteins that promote clotting of blood *deficiency produces bruising and bleeding
79
What does Vitmanin C do?
Antioxidant synthesizing collagen and development of strong immune system
80
What does vitmanin B do?
Facilitate energy production Help form RBC
81
What is water necessary for?
Body temp Maintaining acid-base balance Regulating fluid and electrolytes transporting nutrient and waste
82
Anabolism
Use of energy to change simple materials into complex body substances
83
Catabolism
Breaking down of substances from complex to simple resulting in release of energy
84
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Minimum amount of energy required to maintain bodily function at rest while awake
85
What are the 4 ways to remove necrotic tissue?
-Autolytic debridement - allowing body natural enzymes to eat away dead tissue -Mechanical debridement - wet to dry dressing, maggots -Enzymatic debridement - ointment/creams with chemical properties / days to weeks -Sharps debridement - scapel
86
What are open system drainage and closed system drainage
Open - Penrose Closed - jackson pratt & Hemovac
87
When PaCo2 abnormal? what does that indicate?
lung problem / respiratory
88
When HCO3 abnormal..what does that mean?
Kidney problem / metabolic

101 LEC (15 decks)

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