Test 6/FINAL - Neuro I Flashcards
(203 cards)
1
Q
Nerves which travel to and from the spinal cord are called?
A
Spinal
2
Q
For a typical resting cell, is there more calcium on the “inside” or “outside” of the cell membrane?
A
Outside
3
Q
The branch of the nervous system that carries involuntary signals to the glands, heart, smooth muscle, etc. is the “_____________” or visceral?
A
Autonomic
4
Q
An electrical “____________” may be described as the difference in charge on inside and outside of cell?
A
Potential
5
Q
Is sodium influx “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
A
Excitatory
6
Q
Which major branch of the nervous system includes the crainial nerves, sciatic nerve, and nerves of the skin?
A
Peripheral
7
Q
A specific type of cell that produces the myelin sheath in the central nervous system is?
A
Oligodendrocytes
8
Q
Information that is gathered by the nervous system is referred to as?
A
Sensory input
9
Q
Which of the following is an indolamine: acetylcholine, glycine, histamine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin?
A
Histamine
10
Q
Which of the following is a catecholamine: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, glycine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin?
A
Norepinephrine
11
Q
A type of axonal transport by which the causative agent for rabies travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
A
Retrograde
12
Q
A type of membrane channel which is opened in response to touch?
A
mechanical-gated channels
13
Q
A process to reach threshold by increasing the frequency that a single input neuron fires?
A
Temporal
14
Q
The brances of the nervous system that carry information towards the target or effector organs are “____________” or efferent?
A
Motor
15
Q
Another name for the monoamines, adrenergics, or biogenic amines is?
A
Catacholamines
16
Q
Is potassium efflux “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
A
Inhibitory
17
Q
A group of neurotransmitters that epinephrine belongs to, the name for which reflects the fact that this chemical is also released from the adrenal glands?
A
Adrenergic
18
Q
The process by which it becomes easier to generate an action potential in a neuron due to repeated firing at the synapse allowing partial depolarization and a build-up of calcium?
A
synaptic potentiation
19
Q
Is calcium influx “excitatory” or “inhibitory” to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
A
Excitatory
20
Q
A type of conduction of an action potential in which is “jumps” from node to node is known as?
A
Saltatory conduction
21
Q
Another name for the catacholamines, adrenergics, or biogenic amines is?
A
Biogenic amines
22
Q
The cytoplasm of an axon is known as?
A
axoplasm
23
Q
The division or branch of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates urination is “sympathetic” or “parasympathetic”?
A
parasympathetic
24
Q
Neurons located between the efferent and afferent neurons?
A
Interneurons
25
Another name for norepinephrine is?
Noradrenalin
26
The inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" is Na+ is pumped OUT
Negative
27
The branch of the nervous system that carries involuntary signals to the glands, heart, smooth muscle, etc, is the autonomic or "____________"?
Visceral
28
The location where two neurons meet (or neuron meets muscle cell, etc.)?
Synapse
29
Which cell is responsible for regulating the exchange between neurons and capillaries?
Astrocytes
30
A type of axonal transport that moves empty synaptic vessicles back to soma to be refilled is known as fast as?
Retrograde
31
A process to reach threshold by firing several presynaptic neurons at the same time
Spacial
32
The receptive components of a neuron are the?
dendrite
33
The division or branch of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates digestion is "sympathetic" or "parasympathetic"?
parasympathetic
34
A nerve cell is known as?
neuron
35
Name the cell that is responsible for causing the endothelia of the brain capillaries to form and maintain the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
36
A specific type of cell that produces the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system is?
Schwann
37
Which branch of the sensory nervous systems carries information from various organs to the brain?
visceral afferent/sensory
38
A type of axonal transport that moves back towards soma?
Retrograde
39
The rough endoplasmic reticulum of a neuron is known as?
Nissl bodies
40
A type of axonal transport that moves mitochondria and synaptic vessicales to the synaptic knobs is?
Antegrade
41
The most abundant glial cell of the central nervous system is?
Astrocytes
42
Another name for the cell body of neuron is?
soma
43
Breaks in sheath along the axon are known as the?
Nodes or Ranvier
44
Which of the following is an indolamine: serotonin, acetylcholine, glycine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin?
Serotonin
45
These neurons "DECIDED" weather or not to respond to stimuli?
Interneurons
46
Once the channels open on the dendrites or the postsynaptic neuron, what is the more immediate effect?
sodium influx
47
A type of axonal transport by which the organism that causes tetanus travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
48
A type of local potential which occurs within a touch receptor is known as a?
Receptor
49
For a typical resting cell, is there less sodium on the "inside" or "outside" of the cell membrane?
Inside
50
Which of the major classes of neurons are the most common neuron type in nervous system (NS) is?
Multipolar
51
Neurons which have one axon and one dendrite belong to which of the major classes or neurons?
Bipolar
52
A type of axonal transport that moves away from soma is?
Antegrade
53
For a typical resting cell, is there less chloride on the "inside" or "outside" of the cell membrane?
Inside
54
Branches near the end of an axon are known as?
Terminal branches
55
The response that the nervous system makes as a reaction to the information that it receives is known as?
Motor output
56
The flow (influx or efflux) of ions is known as a "________"?
Current
57
A type of synapse in which cells connect by gap junctions?
Electrical
58
Is sodium efflux "excitatory" or "inhibitory" to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Inhibitory
59
A type of axonal transport by which causative agent for rabies travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
60
Once the neurotransmitter binds to its receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, what happens next?
opening of sodium channels
61
Neurons of the special senses such as olfactory, retina, inner ear belong to which of the major classes of neurons?
Bipolar
62
A potential in which, the stronger the stimulus the more positive the inside of the neuron becomes thus the closer to threshold?
Graded
63
A type of axonal transport by which the causative agent for polio travels from the terminal to soma, and therfore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
64
The inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" if K+ is pumped IN
Positive
65
This type of gradient keeps MORE Na+ OUTSIDE of the cell and MORE K+ INSIDE of the cell
Chemical
66
A stage of a neuron in which the inside of a neuron is negative, the outside is positive and there is more sodium on the outside, more potassium on the inside?
Resting
67
Oligodendrocytes produce the "______" "_______" in the central nervous system is?
Myelin sheath
68
A type of potential observed between the base of the axon all the way to the synaptic knobs?
Action
69
What is the more immediate effect upon the arrival of the action potential at the distal end of the motor neuron's axon?
oppening of calcium channels
70
The part of a neuron that carries information towards the soma
dendrite
71
The phospholipid insulation that surrounds the axon?
Myelin Sheath
72
The division or branch of the autonomic nervous system that regulates the "fight or flight" systems is "sympathetic" or "parasympathetic"?
Sympathetic
73
What is the more immediate effect of the calcium influx at the nerve terminal?
migration of the synaptic vesicles to the neurolemma
74
Which type of neuron demonstrates the slower velocity of its action potential, "myelinated" or "unmyelinated"?
Unmyelinated
75
Which type of synapse is the fastest?
Electrical
76
The branch of the nervous system that carries involuntary signals to the skeletal muscles?
Somatic
77
The base of axon, where action potentials are generated?
axon hillock
78
A process in which the first neuron causes an IPSP in the second neuron, making it more difficult for the second to fire is known as?
Synaptic inhibition
79
The branches of the nervous system that carry information towards the target or effector organ are motor or "_____________"?
Efferent
80
The structures that carry out the motor output of the nervous system are known as?
Effector organ
81
Is calcium efflux "excitatory" or "inhibitory" to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Inhibitory
82
Neurons which have one axon and several dendrites belong to which of the major classes or neurons?
Multipolar
83
A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative?
Repolarization
84
This type of gradient, maintained by the sodium pump keeps a "+" outside and "-" inside of the cell membrane
Electrical
85
A type of membrane channel which is opened when a chemical attaches?
ligand-gated channels
86
A type of membrane channel which is opened in response to pressure?
mechanical-gated channels
87
A type of local potential which occurs within a sensory receptor is known as a?
Receptor
88
A specific type of ciliated cell that line the brain's ventricles and central canal of the spinal chord?
Ependyma
89
For a typical resting cell, is there less potassium on the "inside" or "outside" of the cell membrane?
Outside
90
A type of synapse is typically seen in cardiac muscle?
Electrical
91
Which of the refractory periods occurs during hyperpolarization?
Relative
92
For a typical resting cell, is there more sodium on the "inside" or "outside" of the cell membrane?
Outside
93
A type of potential that varies in magnitude according to stimuli is?
Graded
94
A change or difference in the electrical charge on the inside of a cell as compared to the outside is known as?
Electrical potential
95
Neurons located between the motor and sensory neurons?
Interneurons
96
The myelin sheath "increases" or "decreases" the velocity of the action potential along the axon?
Increases
97
Name the process by which the nervous system processes the information it receives then "decides" if to respons to it or not?
Integration
98
Anything that makes the inside of a cell more positive will tend to be "excitatory" or "inhibitory"?
Excitatory
99
A type of axonal transport that moves enzymes & cytoskeletal components towards the synaptic knobs?
Antegrade
100
The inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" if Na+ is pumped IN
Positive
101
For a typical resting cell, is there more chloride on the "inside" or "outside" of the cell membrane?
Outside
102
How does GABA inhibit cells?
allows choride influx
103
The cell membrane of an axon is known as?
axolemma
104
Anything that makes the inside of a cell more negative will tend to be "excitatory" or "inhibitory"?
Inhibitory
105
A type of membrane channel which is opened when the charge on the cell membrane changes?
voltage-gated channels
106
The distal, foot-like ends of an axon are known as the terminal or?
Synaptic knob
107
For a typical resting cell, is there more potassium on the "inside" or "outside" of the cell membrane?
Inside
108
The distal, foot-like ends of an axon are known as the "__________" or synaptic knobs?
terminal
109
These neurons makes up 90% of all neurons?
Interneurons
110
Is chloride influx "excitatory" or "inhibitory" to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Inhibitory
111
A type of potential that can be either excitatory or inhibitory?
Graded
112
Compounds that increase or decrease the number of receptors located on the target cell of a neurotransmitter are called?
Neromodulators
113
A type of potential that has a tendency to decrease in magnitude with increased distance from the stimuli's source?
Graded
114
The process by which the released neurotransmitter is pumped back into the synaptic vesicles is known as?
Re-uptake
115
A term that describes the tendency to decrease in magnitude with increased distance from the stimuli's source
Decremental
116
Aspartate belongs to which group of neurotransmitters?
Amino Acids
117
A specialized manner in which the nerve impulse travels along an unmyelinated axon?
Continuous conduction
118
A type of axonal transport by which causative agent for polio travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
119
Which type of neuron demonstrates the faster velocity of its action potential, "myelinated" or "unmyelinated"?
Myelinated
120
A type of membrane channel which continuously stays open and allows ions to leak?
leakage channels
121
Is the outside of a typical resting cell "positive" or "negative"?
Positive
122
Is glycine usually "inhibitory" or "excitatory"?
Inhibitory
123
For a typical resting cell, is there less calcium on the "inside" or "outside" of the cell membrane?
Inside
124
A term that describes the tendency of a potential to "repolarize" if the stimulus is stopped is:
Reversible
125
A type of potential that is NOT reversible?
Action
126
Is the inside of a typical resting cell "positive" or "negative"?
Negative
127
What process causes the calcium channels to open on the distal end of the motor neuron's axon?
nerve action potential reaches terminal
128
Is gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) usually "inhibitory" or "excitatory"?
Inhibitory
129
A type of potential that is reversible?
Graded
130
The outermost layer of the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system is called the?
Neurolemma
131
The name for a period in a neuron from about half-way through repolarization to the beginning of the next resting period?
Relative
132
A concept that describes the fact that once a neuron reaches threshold, there is no stopping the action potential?
All-or-none
133
Is chloride efflux "excitatory" or "inhibitory" to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Excitatory
134
In a typical two-neuron pathway, the first neuron is known as the "___________" neuron?
Presynaptic
135
A type of axonal transport by which the organism that causes tetanus travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
136
A type of potential that does NOT varies in magnitude according to stimuli?
Action
137
A type of axonal transport that moves empty synaptic vessicales back to soma to be refilled is known as?
Retrograde
138
A type of axonal transport by which causative agent for herpes travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
Retrograde
139
Neurons which have only one process that leaves soma belong to which of the major classes of neurons?
Unipolar
140
Is potassium influx "excitatory" or "inhibitory" to a typical nerve cell (think charges!)?
Excitatory
141
The name for a period in a neuron from the beginning of the action potential until about half-way through repolarization?
Absolute refractory period
142
The inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" if Cl- is pumped OUT
Positive
143
The resting electrochemical gradient is maintained by?
Sodium Potassium ATPase Pump
144
What is the name for the period in a neuron during which an action potential may be generated only with a greater than normal stimulus?
Relative refractory period
145
What is caused by the rapid influx of sodium into dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron
an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron
146
Nerves which travel to and from the brain and exit the cranial vault are referred to as?
Cranial
147
Which of the following is a catecholamine: acetylcholine, glycine, epinephrine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin?
Epinephrine
148
The brances of the nervous system that carry information towards the central nervous system are sensory or "______________"?
Afferent
149
The inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" if K+ is pumped OUT
Negative
150
The division or branch of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates defication is "sympathetic" or "parasympathetic"?
parasympathetic
151
A type of synapes observed at the neuromuscular junction?
Chemical
152
A type of synapse is typically seen in smooth muscle?
Electrical
153
Another name for the monoamines, catacholamines, or biogenic amines is?
Adrenergics
154
Neurons which carry sensory info to spinal cord belong to which of the major classes of neurons?
Unipolar
155
A type of synapse in which an action potential reaches the terminal and stops, causes the release of neurotransmitter, and a new action potential is generated in the second neuron?
Chemical
156
A type of membrane channel which continuously stays open and allows ions to leak?
non-gated channels
157
A condition caused by sodium influx in which the inside of a neuron becomes more positive?
Depolarization
158
A point-of-no return that is reached when the inside of a neuron becomes more positive at which an action potential is generated?
Threshold
159
A type of potential observed between the dendrites and the axon hillock is said to be?
Graded
160
A condition in which a cell at rest tends to be positive on outside and negative on inside
Polar
161
The branches of the nervous system that carry information away from the central nervous system are motor or "______________"?
Efferent
162
A group of neurotransmitters that norephinephrine belongs to, the name for which reflects the fact that this chemical is also released from the adrenal glands?
Adrenergic
163
A type of axonal transport by which the causative agent for herpes travels from the terminal to soma, and therefore the central nervous system, is known as?
retrograde
164
The type of potential at the stimulus-receiving end of a sensory receptor demonstrates which of the following?
Graded
165
What is the process by which a cell expels compounds by fusing an organelle, like a synaptic vesicle, with the cell membrane?
exocytosis
166
The process by which the local potentials (EPSPs) accumulate to reach threshold?
Summation
167
The enzyme that destroys neurotransmitters that have been pumped back into the synaptic vesicles is?
Monoamine oxidate
168
In a typical two-neuron pathway, the second neuron is known as the "____________" neuron?
Postsynaptic
169
What process immediately precedes and causes the migration of the synaptic vesicles to the neurolemma?
calcium influx
170
A type of local potential which occurs in a second neuron after being exposed to a neurotransmitter?
Postsynaptic
171
A specific type of cell that functions as the macrophages of the central nervous system?
Microglia
172
Compounds that increase or decrease the amount of neurotransmitters released from a neuron are called?
Neuromodulators
173
Which major branch of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
Central
174
A group of neurotransmitters that dopamine belongs to, the name for which reflects the fact that this chemical is also released from the adrenal glands?
Adrenergic
175
The manner in which it becomes easier to generate an action potential within a neuron due to the partially depolarized condition of the cell?
Facilitation
176
Processes of a neuron that branch directly from the main axon are known as?
axon collaterals
177
The enzyme that destroys acetylcholine at the NMJ is?
Acetylcholinesterase
178
This neurotransmitter is seen at the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
179
The cytoskeletal components of a neuron are known as?
neurofibrils
180
A type of synapse in which the action potential goes from cell to cell with the least amount of resistance and time?
Electrical
181
Which branch of the sensory nervous system carries information from the skin, muscles, bones, and joints to the brain?
Somatic
182
The inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" if Cl- is pumped IN
Negative
183
Beta-endorphin belongs to which class of neurotransmitters?
Neuropeptides
184
The branches of the nervous system that carry information away from the central nervous system are "_______________" or efferent?
Motor
185
Another name for epinephrine is?
Adrenalin
186
A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes "more negative" than the resting state is known as?
Hyperpolarization
187
The initials or abbreviation for the neurotransmitter, the receptors for which allow Chloride (chloride ion carries a negative 1 charge) influx?
GABA
188
The branches of the nervous system that carry information towards the central nervous system are "___________" or afferent?
Sensory
189
Which of the following is a catecholamine: acetylcholine, glycine, gamma amino butyric acid, endorphin, dopamine?
Dopamine
190
Gamma amino butyric acid belongs to which group of neurotransmitters?
Amino Acids
191
In a neuron, a period during which no action potential can be generated, regardless of the strength of stimuli is known as?
Absolute refractory period
192
Is aspartate usually "inhibitory" or "excitatory"?
excitatory
193
Is glutamate usually "inhibitory" or "excitatory"?
excitatory
194
Glycine belongs to which group of neurotransmitters?
Amino Acids
195
A term that describes a potential as it varies in magnitude according to stimuli
Graded
196
A type of potential that can only be either excitatory?
Action
197
A group of neurotransmitters that serotonin belongs to, the name for which reflects the fact that this chemical is also released from the adrenal glands?
Adrenergic
198
A type of cell in the nervous system that is approximately 50 times more abundant than neurons is "___________" cells?
Neuroglial
199
The part of a neuron that carries information away from soma is?
axon
200
Glutamate belongs to which group of neurotransmitters?
Amino Acids
201
A specific type of cell that surrounds the soma in the peripheral nervous system is?
Satellite
202
Substance P belongs to which class of neurotransmitters?
Neuropeptides
203
A bundle of neurons (mostly axons) is commonly referred to as?
Nerve
