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1
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Growing or metabolizing only in the presence of molecular oxygen

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2
Q

Alleles

A

Alternate form of a gene or DNA sequence

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3
Q

Amino acid

A

Any of the 20 basic building blocks of a protein

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4
Q

Anaphase

A

Third phase of mitosis where sister chromatids separate ending with a complete set of daughter chromosomes.

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5
Q

Artificial selection

A

Breeding organisms by humans for specific phenotypic characteristics

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6
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

nonsexual means of reproduction which can include grafting and budding

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7
Q

Biological evolution

A

Change in allele frequency of a species or population over time

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8
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The events of cell division includes interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis

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9
Q

Centromere

A

Central portion of the chromosome to which the spindle fibers attach during mitotic and meiotic division

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10
Q

Chromatid

A

Each of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere during mitosis and meiosis

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11
Q

Chromosome

A

A single DNA molecule, a tightly coiled strand of DNA

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12
Q

Codominance

A

An inheritance relationship in which neither of two alleles of the same gene totally mask the other, both are equally expressed

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13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of cytoplasm of one cell into two cells

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14
Q

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

A

The theory that states that genes are located on chromosomes and that each gene occupies a specific place on that chromosome

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Framework of the cell composed of a variety of filaments and fibers that support cell structures and drive cell movement

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16
Q

Deletion

A

Chromosome abnormality in which part of the chromosome is missing

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17
Q

DNA

A

An organic acid and polymer composed of 4 nitrogen bases- Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine

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18
Q

Dominance

A

A characteristic in which an allele expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a recessive allele

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19
Q

Double Helix

A

The DNA molecule, representing a spiral staircase

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20
Q

Eukaryote

A

An organism whose cells possess a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

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21
Q

Evolution

A

The long term process through which a population of organisms go through genetic changes that enable its members to successfully adapt to environment conditions and to better exploit food sources

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22
Q

Gene

A

The functional unit of heredity; part of the chromosome that encodes a specific protein or several related proteins

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23
Q

Genome

A

The complete genetic material contained in an individual

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24
Q

Human Genome Project

A

A project coordinated by the National Institute of Health and the Dept. of Energy to determine the entire nucleotide sequence of the human chromosom

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25
Genotype
The structure of DNA that determines the expression of a trait
26
Incomplete dominance
A condition where a heterozygous offspring has a phenotype that is distinctly different from the parent, a new phenotype is formed
27
Independent Assortment
The law stating the pairs of genes separate independently of one another during meiosis
28
Interphase
Period of time where a cell carries on metabolism and replicates chromosomes prior to cell division
29
Inversion
A mutation that occurs when a chromosome piece breaks off and reattaches in reverse orientation
30
Karyotype
All of the chromosomes in a cell or an individual organism, visible through a microscope during cell division
31
Meiosis
The reduction division process by which haploid gametes and spores are formed consisting of a single duplication of the genetic material followed by two mitotic divisions
32
Metaphase
The second phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell
33
Mitosis
The replication of a cell to form two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes
34
Molecular Biology
The study of biochemical and molecular interactions within living cells
35
Molecular Genetics
The branch of genetics that deals with the expression of genes by studying the DNA sequences of chromosomes
36
Multiple Alleles
Three or more alleles of the same gene that codes for a single trait
37
Mutations
An alteration in DNA structure or sequence of a gene
38
Mutualism
A form of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit from living together
39
Natural selection
The differential survival and reproduction of organisms with genetic characteristics that enable them to better utilize environmental resources
40
Nitrogenous Base
Purines (Adenine and Guanine) and pyrimidines (Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil) that compromise DNA and RNA molecules
41
Nucleic Acid
DNA and RNA which are made of long chains of molecules called nucleotides
42
Nucleotide
A building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar and phosphate group
43
Pathenogen
An organism that causes disease in another organism
44
Phenotype
The observable characteristic of an organism, the expression of gene alleles as an observable physical or biochemical trait
45
Point Mutation
A change in a single base pair of a DNA sequence in a gene
46
Prokaryote
A bacterial cell lacking a true nucleus; DNA is usually one long strand
47
Prophase
First phase of mitosis in which duplicated chromosomes condense and mitiotic spindle fibers begin to form
48
Protein
An organic compound composed of one or more chains of polypeptide which in turn are formed from amino acids`
49
Punnett Square
A type of grid used to show the gametes of each parent and their possible offspring
50
Recessive gene
Characterized as having a phenotype expressed only when both copies of the gene are mutated or missing
51
Ribosome
A sub-cellular structure that is the site of protein synthesis during translation
52
RNA
An organic acid composed of a single strand of nucleotides that act as a messenger between DNA and the ribosome during protein synthesis
53
Segregation
The law stating that pairs of genes separate in meiosis and each gamete receives one gene of a pair
54
Sex Influenced
Description of a trait that is caused by a gene whose expression differs in males and females
55
Sex linkage
The presence of a gene on a sex chromosome
56
Sexual Reproduction
The process where two gamete cells fuse to form one hybrid, fertilized egg
57
Species
A classification of related organisms that can freely interbreed
58
Telophase
Final phase of mitosis, nuclear envelope returns, nucleolus becomes visible in daughter cells
59
Transcription
Process in which RNA is made from DNA
60
Translation
The process of converting the genetic code in RNA into the amino acid sequence that makes up a protein

Biology Semester (1 decks)

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