Test CH 1& 4 Flashcards by drew klin

Which of the following is the most complete definition of psychology?

The science of observable behavior and thoughts.

The science of behavior.

The science of mental processes.

The science of behavior and mental processes.

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Psychology is a scientific discipline in that it focuses on

the pursuit of truth, not simply opinion.

testing opinions and assumptions in the light of evidence.

systematically building theories to explain phenomena.

behavioral, as opposed to mental, processes.

testing opinions and assumptions in the light of evidence.

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The word ‘psychology’ comes from two Greek roots that mean

knowledge and mind.

emotion and mind.

emotion and spirit.

mind and emotion

knowledge and mind.

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Your psychology professor asks a student volunteer to concentrate on eating an apple and then describe the individual elements of that experience. Your professor is demonstrating the technique of _______, which is a technique used by investigators of ________.

stream of consciousness; functionalism

introspection; structuralism

introspection; Gestalt

introspection; humanism

introspection; structuralism

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The concept of behavior in the definition of psychology incorporates ALL but which of the following?

thinking

dreaming

making yourself a sandwich

secretion of insulin by the pancreas

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Wundt is to ______ as James is to ______.

structuralism; Gestalt

structuralism; functionalism

behaviorism; Gestalt

behaviorism; functionalism

structuralism; functionalism

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Which term best captures the meaning of the word ‘gestalt’?

Unconscious

Introspection

Pattern

Observation

Pattern

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The founder of behaviorism was

Watson.

Skinner.

James.

Freud.

Watson.

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A strong belief that the environment molds the behavior of humans and other animals is characteristic of which school of psychology?
Psychodynamic

Behaviorist

Structuralist

Gestalt

Behaviorist

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Regarding behaviorism, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Watson believed that, with control of their environments, he could shape infants to be any kind of adult.

B.F. Skinner conducted most of his research with humans.

In the early 20th century, behaviorism was the dominant force in psychology.

B.F. Skinner presented ideas and techniques for rewarding and punishing behavior.

B.F. Skinner conducted most of his research with humans.

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Dr. Spires talks with some students before psychology class begins. Spires says, “I believe that mental experience is best understood as a whole, rather than in terms of its parts.” Her students recognize that Spires describes which school of thought?

Gestalt

Humanism

Psychodynamic

Structuralism

Gestalt

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An emphasis on the unconscious and early childhood experience characterizes which school of psychology?

Behaviorism

Structuralism

Psychodynamic

Humanism

Psychodynamic

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An extension of the behavioral perspective that incorporates the study of mental processes is termed ________.
social-cognitive theory.

evolutionary psychology.

Gestalt psychology.

humanism.

social-cognitive theory.

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Which of the following mental health professionals is most likely a behavior therapist?

Dr. Angelo helps clients learn techniques for changing maladaptive thoughts.

Dr. Barney uses techniques based on learning principles to help clients alter maladaptive patterns of action.

Dr. Childers helps her clients uncover unconscious motives and desires.

Dr. Diaz prescribes drugs for his patients that suffer from anxiety disorders.

Dr. Barney uses techniques based on learning principles to help clients alter maladaptive patterns of action.

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All of the following would be exhibited by neo-Freudians EXCEPT

reduced emphasis on sexual and aggressive urges.

increased emphasis on the unconscious.

increased emphasis on self-awareness.

increased emphasis on self-direction.

increased emphasis on the unconscious.

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Which theorists are associated with humanistic psychology?
John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener

William James and Charles Darwin

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

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Humanistic psychologists stress all of the following EXCEPT
individuals’ abilities to make meaning and purpose in their lives.

self-awareness and free will.

unconscious forces.

being true to oneself.

unconscious forces.

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Cognitive psychologists would be interested in all of the following EXCEPT
concept formation.

language processes.

problem solving.

Correct Selected

instincts.

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Which of the following statements regarding the major contemporary perspectives in psychology is FALSE?
The behavioral perspective focuses on observable actions and the influences of learning processes in behavior.

The humanistic perspective emphasizes the importance of subjective conscious experience and personal responsibility and freedom.

The physiological perspective examines how behavior and mental experience is shaped by biological processes and the workings of the brain and nervous system.

The sociocultural perspective focuses on mental processes that allow us to gain knowledge about ourselves and the world.

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Which perspective in psychology would suggest that depression is related to changes in brain chemistry?
Psychodynamic

Physiological

Cognitive

Humanistic

Physiological

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A humanist would give which explanation for aggression?
Brain abnormalities explain violent behavior in some people.

Social conditions give rise to drug use that, in turn, causes aggressive behavior.

Aggression increases when people become frustrated by not being able to meet their goals.

Aggression is learned through observing others and through reinforcement.

Aggression increases when people become frustrated by not being able to meet their goals.

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Dr. von Waldner conducts research on depression. His hypothesis is that depression results from maladaptive thought patterns. From which perspective is von Waldner working?
Cognitive

Humanistic

Psychodynamic

Sociocultural

Cognitive

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A researcher adhering to the behavioral perspective would likely believe that

unhealthy eating habits are learned and can be unlearned.

aggression results when people are blocked from pursuing their goals.

depression is related to changes in brain chemistry.

depression is linked to social stresses like poverty.

unhealthy eating habits are learned and can be unlearned.

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Which subspecialty represents the largest group of psychologists?

Industrial/organizational

Clinical

Counseling

Experimental

Clinical

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A school psychologist would be most likely to help teachers develop new instructional techniques. study how groups affect individuals. evaluate a student for placement in a special education program. make suggestions as to how managers could improve employee morale.

evaluate a student for placement in a special education program.

Dr. Burlington works with Ivy University’s basketball team, where he helps the athletes handle competitive pressures. He is also conducting a study to determine the most important factors influencing athletic performance anxiety. Burlington is probably a(n) ______ psychologist. personality sport clinical educational

sport

A developmental psychologist would most likely study the psychological crises people experience at different ages. conduct research to determine if a high school graduation test predicts success in college. study how prejudice develops. design a program to help people avoid risky sexual behaviors.

study the psychological crises people experience at different ages.

Dr. Vickers just took a position as an educational psychologist with the Blackstone School System. Of the following tasks, which is Vickers LEAST likely to do in this position? Develop a test to measure students’ academic potential. Train teachers in the use of a new instructional method. Administer intelligence tests to students. Develop a new instructional method for use in the classroom.

Administer intelligence tests to students.

A method of developing knowledge based on the evaluation of evidence from experiments and careful observation is called the ______ approach. intuitive statistical empirical theoretical

empirical

Adam is a graduate student in psychology who is conducting research on the effectiveness of two types of therapy in the treatment of phobias. Adam is at the stage where he uses statistics to analyze the data he has collected in order to determine if his initial hypothesis is supported by the research. At which stage of the scientific method is Adam working? Drawing conclusions Developing a research question Gathering evidence Replicating results

Drawing conclusions

Dr. Kavanaugh has noticed that many of her students are having difficulties understanding the basic parts of a nerve cell (neuron) but don’t seem to have the same problems understanding most of the different regions of the brain. Dr. Kavanaugh wonders if her lectures have some bearing on this situation, and has posed a question she intends to pursue in her research—whether the ways in which information is presented affects student interest and memory of the material. If she is interested in pursuing this research question further, Dr. Kavanaugh’s next step in the scientific method would be to develop a research question. to form a hypothesis. to gather evidence. to manipulate the way she delivers lectures.

to form a hypothesis.

Dr. Mingus keeps a very detailed record of a series of interviews with an individual who is suffering from a rare brain disorder. This is an example of which research method? Experiment Correlational Case study Naturalistic observation

Case study

Your psychology professor refers to a research study and says the results were “statistically significant.” What does this mean? The results can be generalized from the sample to the population. The results have been replicated. The hypothesis proves the theory it was testing. The results were unlikely to have been due to chance or other random factors.

The results were unlikely to have been due to chance or other random factors.

Dr. Chen finds in her study of people’s charitable habits that individuals overestimate the amount of money they give to their churches and private schools. Dr. Chen’s results may reflect over-representation bias. social desirability bias. poor random sampling. large sample bias.

social desirability bias.

A statistical measure of the association between two variables is called a(n) independent variable. dependent variable. control variable. correlation coefficient.

correlation coefficient.

Which of the following correlations represents two variables with the strongest relationship? +0.80 -0.95 +0.85 -0.75

-0.95

Which of the following statements is NOT true of a correlation? Correlations can range from -1.0 to +1.0. Negative correlations indicate relatively weak relationships. Correlations can indicate possible causal factors. Negative correlations indicate inverse relationships.

Negative correlations indicate relatively weak relationships.

Which of the following relationships would most likely have the weakest correlation? a school child’s age and vocabulary a building’s height and weight a person’s shoe size and intelligence air temperature and number of air conditioners being used

a person’s shoe size and intelligence

A correlation coefficient of 0.00 means there is no relationship between the variables. as one variable increases, the other variable increases. as one variable decreases, the other variable decreases. as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.

there is no relationship between the variables.

In a study of the effects of various brands of ice cream on weight gain, type of ice cream consumed represents the dependent variable. independent variable. placebo. control variable.

independent variable.

Dr. Wilmington is a social psychologist who studies the topic of love. He goes to a variety of places where couples are found and watches how they interact with each other. Which research method is Dr. Wilmington using for his study? Case study Correlational Experiment Naturalistic observation

Naturalistic observation

In a drug study, group one receives an inactive pill and group two receives a pill that is believed to be effective in treating depression. Group two is the control group. independent group. dependent group. experimental group.

experimental group.

Dr. Schultze conducts research on the effects of a new drug on obsessive-compulsive disorder. In his study, neither Schultze nor the participants knows who is receiving the active drug and who is receiving the placebo. This example describes random sampling. a double-blind study. a single-blind study. social desirability bias

a double-blind study.

Agreement to participate in a study following disclosure of information about its purposes and potential risks and benefits is called confidentiality. critical thinking. informed consent. ethics review

informed consent.

Your professor stated that stress can lead to heart disease. She cited several medical studies to show that stress was linked to heart disease. Therefore, she said we should avoid all forms of stress in order to ensure living a long and healthy life. The professor needs to rethink advice based on which of the following features of critical thinking? avoiding oversimplification considering alternative explanations confusing correlation with causation all of the above

all of the above

Psychologists refer to the state of awareness of ourselves and the world around us as attention. multitasking. consciousness. mindfulness.

consciousness.

In comparing consciousness to an ever-flowing river, the early psychologist William James was making the point that consciousness involves a stream of thoughts. a constant flow of excitations. changing perceptions of objects we perceive. our perception of objects in our visual field.

a stream of thoughts.

Wylene is able to pay attention to street signs as she drives her pick-up truck, but is not aware of noises coming from the street and other vehicles. Wylene’s experience is an example of focused awareness. drifting consciousness. conscious attention. focused consciousness.

focused awareness.

Regarding daydreaming, which of the following statements is FALSE? The majority of daydreams involve sexual themes. People are more prone to daydream when they are bored. People are more prone to daydream when they are engaged in unstructured activities. Most daydreams involve the mundane tasks of everyday life.

The majority of daydreams involve sexual themes.

Regarding the dangers of divided attention while driving, which of the following statements is FALSE? Drivers are four times more likely to have an accident when they are talking on a cell phone than when they are not. Driving while talking on a phone is about as dangerous as driving with a blood alcohol level at the legal limit. Using a hands-free phone is a generally safe alternative to using a hand-held phone while driving. The increased risk of accident from cell phone usage is due to the loss of concentration from engaging in conversation.

Using a hands-free phone is a generally safe alternative to using a hand-held phone while driving.

All but which of the following people are predicted to be experiencing an altered state of consciousness? Lacey, who is in a long-distance marathon Ethan, who is studying for exams Adrienne, who is under hypnosis Will, who is drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana

Ethan, who is studying for exams

The pattern of fluctuations in bodily processes that occur regularly each day are called ______. altered states of consciousness. biofeedback loops. circadian rhythms. homeostatic rhythms.

circadian rhythms.

Regarding circadian rhythms, which of the following statements is FALSE? Frequent time shifting can wreak havoc on circadian rhythms. During exposure to light, melatonin production increases, helping us maintain wakefulness. Light entering through the eye helps keep the body clock in sync with day and night. Body temperature follows a circadian rhythm in which temperature falls a few degrees during the middle of the night.

During exposure to light, melatonin production increases, helping us maintain wakefulness.

Jet lag has shown to be associated with all but which of the following? disruptions to the sleep-wake cycle irritability difficulties in concentration decreases in daydreaming

decreases in daydreaming

In terms of brain waves, awake and alert is to ______ as awake and relaxed is to ______. alpha; beta beta; alpha delta; alpha delta; beta

beta; alpha

In which stage do you spend the majority of your sleep time? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Stage 2

Other factors being equal, which of the following people should be hardest to awaken? Mary Esther is in Stage 1 of sleep. Sarah is in Stage 2 of sleep. Randy is in Stage 3 of sleep. Ed has just fallen asleep.

Randy is in Stage 3 of sleep.

Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE? REM sleep is also called active sleep because the brain is more active during REM than NREM. During REM sleep, muscle activity is blocked almost to the point of paralysis. All dreams occur during REM sleep. During REM sleep, a person’s eyes dart about under the closed eyelids.

All dreams occur during REM sleep.

Sleep cycles repeat about every ______ minutes, and the typical adult has ______ cycles per night. 60; six to seven 60; three to four 90; four to five 120; two to three

90; four to five

Regarding sleep cycles, which of the following statements is FALSE? In terms of brain activity, REM sleep is similar to ordinary wakefulness. As the night progresses, the amount of time spent in REM sleep decreases. During sleep, brain waves vary in terms of intensity as well as speed. During the night, Stage 4 sleep eventually disappears.

As the night progresses, the amount of time spent in REM sleep decreases.

Your psychology professor argues that dreams represent an attempt by the cerebral cortex to make sense of the random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep. What perspective best describes your professor’s comments? neodissociation theory activation-synthesis hypothesis psychodynamic theory memory consolidation hypothesis

activation-synthesis hypothesis

The textbook describes each of the following functions of sleep EXCEPT for it having a memory consolidation function. an encoding function. a restorative function. a protective function.

an encoding function.

In Freudian theory, the actual events that occur in a dream are referred to as its ______ content, while the underlying meaning of a dream is its ______ content. unconscious; conscious latent; manifest conscious; subconscious manifest; latent

manifest; latent

Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is FALSE? Lifestyle factors contribute to many Americans’ sleep deprivation. People are generally not able to “rebound” from REM deprivation. Loss of sleep impairs learning ability and memory. Sleep deprivation is one of the most common causes of motor vehicle accidents.

People are generally not able to “rebound” from REM deprivation.

Some nights Chang has problems falling asleep. Other nights, he wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep. Chang likely suffers from which sleep disorder? insomnia nightmare disorder narcolepsy sleep apnea

insomnia

Kendra has a sleep disorder in which she suddenly falls into “sleep attacks” during the daytime. What is the name of Kendra’s disorder? REM sleep disorder Sleep apnea Sleep terror disorder Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy

Which of the following best describes sleep apnea? Sudden unexplained sleep attacks during the day Difficulty falling asleep, remaining asleep, or returning to sleep A state of dreaming in which the dreamer is aware that s/he is dreaming Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

In general, nightmare disorder occurs in ______ sleep, while sleep terror disorder occurs in ______ sleep. Stage 1; Stage 2 REM; Stage 2 REM; Stage 3 or 4 Stage 2; Stage 3 or 4

REM; Stage 3 or 4

Regarding sleepwalking disorder, which of the following statements is FALSE? Sleepwalking disorder occurs more often in children than in adults, and about 5 percent of children have the disorder. Sleepwalking generally occurs during deep, NREM sleep. Awakening a sleepwalker can be harmful. Sleepwalkers do not usually remember their nighttime wanderings.

Awakening a sleepwalker can be harmful.

Meditation is useful in treating each of the following EXCEPT high blood pressure. insomnia. Correct Selected diabetes. depression.

diabetes.

Hypnosis can be described by all of the following EXCEPT focused attention. deep relaxation. sleep. heightened suggestibility.

sleep.

Characteristics of a highly hypnotizable person include all of the following EXCEPT well-developed fantasy life. a tendency toward depression. vivid sense of imagination. positive attitude toward hypnosis.

a tendency toward depression

Maladaptive or dangerous use of a chemical substance is referred to as drug abuse. drug dependence. physiological dependence. chemical dependence.

drug abuse.

After repeatedly using a drug over six months, Elian’s body chemistry has changed such that it depends on having a steady supply of the drug. Elian has developed tolerance. psychological dependence. physiological dependence. reverse tolerance.

physiological dependence.

Reduction of central nervous system activity is the defining feature of stimulants. hallucinogens. depressants. amphetamines.

depressants.

You see your friend Leonid at a party. He is talking loudly and slurring his words. He also has trouble maintaining his balance. Leonid is probably under the influence of LSD. heroin. alcohol. amphetamines.

alcohol.

Regarding alcohol use among college students, which of the following statements is FALSE? Two out of three college students drink alcohol at least once a month. One out of five college students in the U.S. engages in binge drinking. Those who begin drinking early and who binge drink are at higher risk for later alcoholism than those who do not. Students who are more strongly committed to academic achievement are less likely to engage in binge drinking.

One out of five college students in the U.S. engages in binge drinking.

Sherrill abuses an opioid. If she abuses the most common one, what is Sherrill’s drug of choice? heroin morphine codeine marijuana

heroin

Alcohol is to ______ as caffeine is to _____. depressant; stimulant hallucinogen; stimulant depressant; hallucinogen hallucinogen; depressant

depressant; stimulant

Cocaine and amphetamines are similar in all but which of the following ways? Both increase brain levels of dopamine. Both can lead to a type of psychosis. Both directly stimulate reward pathways to the brain. Both produce a relatively long-lasting “high.”

Both produce a relatively long-lasting “high.”

Regarding the effects of smoking, which of the following statements is FALSE? In the U.S., smoking accounts for more than 400,000 deaths annually. Cigarette smoking is responsible for almost one in every three deaths from cancer. Smoking contributes to cataracts. Smoking is more common among older adults than among younger adults.

Smoking is more common among older adults than among younger adults.

Among teenagers who begin smoking, about what proportion or percentage will eventually die of smoking-related causes? (Select 1)(1pts) Student Results Multiple Choice Multiple Choice Options Unselected one in twenty one in ten one in three one in two

one in three

Regarding hallucinogens, which of the following statements is TRUE? Hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation, are not known to produce physiological dependence, and can produce psychological dependence. Hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation in some people, while causing feelings of paranoia or panic in others. They are not known to produce psychological dependence and can produce physiological dependence. Hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation in some people, while causing feelings of paranoia or panic in others. They are not known to produce physiological dependence and can produce psychological dependence. Hallucinogens induce feelings of paranoia and panic, are not known to produce physiological dependence, and can produce psychological dependence.

Hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation in some people, while causing feelings of paranoia or panic in others. They are not known to produce physiological dependence and can produce psychological dependence.

Hashish is a potent form of which psychoactive drug?

MARY J

Test CH 1& 4 Flashcards

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