Test On Evolution Flashcards by Annika w

What is the gene pool?

Available alleles and genes in a population

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What causes a mutation?

Changes in the structure of genes introduces new alleles

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What is genetic drift?

Random events that can alter populations

Allele frequency may not represent the frequency in the original populations

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What is gene flow?

Isolated populations with different alleles in the HW equilibrium
If a member crosses into another population it will add new alleles

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What is selection when referring to genes?

Differences in the survival or success of a particular gene will change its frequency

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What are methods of selection?

Preference of a particular allele will increase its frequency

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What are Charles Darwin’s observations?

animals give birth and pass on their traits
there is variations of traits
some variations will affect an individual’s chance to survive
animals give birth to more offspring than the environment can support
successful individuals have more offspring and pass on these traits

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What is natural selection?

Selection for traits that are most successful in the current environment

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What is sexual selection?

Selection caused by preferences of females for males traits

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What is artificial selection?

-selection for a particular trait by humans, all domestic animals and plants have been

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Behavioural selection example

Unibrow vs. Regular brow, the regular brow will be more accepted

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What is an adaptation?

An inherited or collection of traits that increases an organisms chance at survival
-natural selection can only work on traits in the population

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What is evolution?

The change in characteristics of populations during generations

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What is evidence of evolution from Geology, Fossils, Chemistry, Astronomy, Biology

similar rocks
oldest fossils most primitive
similarity between organisms
earth is 4.7 billion years old
embryos are similar

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How does evolution occur?

Change in genetics over a long period of time

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Where does genetic change come from?

Mutations, selection, gene flow, gene drift

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Microevolution

Macro evolution

Minor changes in organisms

Major changes in organisms

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Punctuated equilibrium

Gradualism

Evolution occurs during rapid jumps

Occurs slowly

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How does a species form?

Population is divided and it adapts to its environment (can be geographic or reproduction)

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What is phylogeny?

Evolutionary history of a species

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What is evolutionary classification?

Grouping organisms based on evolutionary history (modern way to go it)

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Convergent evolution:

Due to same pressures things start to look similar even though no common ancestor

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It is only that the HW theory will stay in affect if:

Sufficient numbers of offspring
No mutations
Selection is prevented
No inbreeding
No selective breeding  
No assortative mating

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What is the bottleneck effect?

Populations get wiped out due to disaster (different alleles)

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How was earth formed?

Less dense compounds cooled and formed crust Atmosphere composed of hostile gases Water rained and rained Rain sculpted earths crust and dissolved minerals Sea is now full of minerals Atmosphere charged with lightning Thought heat, lightning and ultra violent radiation caused life

What did the Miller-Urey experiment show?

Spontaneous formation of macromolecules was possible with thought early atmosphere Resulted in formation of organic compounds

How did the First cells develops a protective membrane?

Phospholipid molecules arranged into a spherical shape

How might have Eukaryotic cells produce internal membranes?

Folding outer shell to increase surface area

Evidence that supports mitochondria and chloroplasts were absorbed

Have own DNA Independent cell division Contain two membranes

What did the first fossils resemble | How would have they gotten energy

Blue-green algae (anaerobic) | Been chemo-autotrophic using H2S to create energy

How did the atmosphere change

Photosynthetic organisms release free oxygen Oxygen forms ozone layer Ozone reduces ultraviolet radiation reaching earth

What does continental drift affect?

Habitats Changes weather patterns Reroutes ocean currents Fossils in different places

Consequences of mass extinction

Evolutionary lineages disappear Reduction in diversity Arising of adaptive radiations

What brings about adaptive radiation

A organisms movement into a variety of different environments or exploitation of food sources

What is a population?

Group of individuals that live in same area and are the same species

Community definitions

Assemblages of different populations that live in the same area

Ecosystem

All abiotic and biotic factors in an environment

Biosphere

Everything in the world

Who were James Hutton and Charles Lyell

Helped show earth was millions of years old Hutton- rocks Lyell-geological features could be built and torn down

What did Lamarck propose

Selective or disuse of organs could mean organisms acquired or lost traits and they would be passed down to offspring

Who was Malthus

Said if human population continued unchecked there would be insufficient living space and food

What is artificial selection

Nature provides selection and humans select variations found useful

What is the struggle for existence

Members of each species compete for food and other necessities

What is fitness

Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment

What is survival of the fittest

Individuals better suited for their environment survive and reproduce more successfully

What is natural selection

Like artificial selection but it contributes to an individuals fitness Changes inherited characteristics of a population

What is decent with modification?

Each living species has descended with changes from other species

What is common decent?

Living and extinct derive from common ancestors

What are homologous structures

Different mature forms but descended from similar embryonic tissue

What are vestigial organs

Organs in animals that are reduced from homologous structures because they are no longer needed

What is a gene pool

Consists of all genes present in a population

What is relative frequency?

Number of times the allele occurs in the gene pool

What are two sources of genetic variation?

Mutations and genetic shuffling

What number of phenotypes control that trait?

Depends on how many genes control that trait

What is a single-gene trait?

A trait controlled by a single gene that has two allleles

What are polygenic traits?

Traits controlled by two or more genes

Why does natural selection never act directly on genes?

It is an entire organism that reproduces not a single gene

What can natural selection lead to?

Changes in allele frequencies and this to evolution

What are the three types of natural selection?

Directional selection Stabilizing selection Disruptive selection

What is directional selection?

When individuals at one end of the curve have a higher fitness than the others

What is stabilizing selection?

When the individuals have the high fitness at either end of the curve

Disruptive selection

Individuals at the upper and lower ends have hgiher