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Animal Biology > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

0
Q

Population undergoing natural selection

A
  1. Individuals of a given age will differ predictably from the individuals which do not survive that age.
  2. The offspring of a given generation will differ predictably from their parents
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1
Q

Adaptive radiation: examples would be?

A

Two animals that are genetically related, but occupy different purposes.:
Ex: honeycreepers and Tasmanian wolf.

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2
Q

Bottleneck

A

Species do not very much. They pass through a funnel.

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3
Q

Three models of natural selection

A

Stabilizing, disruptive, and directional

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4
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Outcome that is in favor of average values of the trait and to disfavor extreme traits

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5
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Disruptive selection in which two different extreme phenotypes are simultaneously favored, but their average is disfavored. This creates two very different phenotypes that dominate the environment

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6
Q

Directional selection

A

Favors a phenotype value either above or below the average and causes the population to shift toward the favored value over time.

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7
Q

Evolution

A

Any change in the genetic constitution of a population of organisms. Anything from small to large.

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8
Q

Evolutionary force

A

Any factor in the external environment or in the bodies of the organisms themselves that induces shifts in the frequency of genes within a population

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9
Q

Evolution to Darwin was

A

Descent with modification

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10
Q

Theory

A

A set if statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, eapecially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena

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11
Q

Inheritance

A

If a trait cannot be inherited, it cannot be passed on

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12
Q

Balenced polymorphism

A

A special type of genetic polymorphism I which two or more alleles persist in a population over many generations as a result of natural selection. Heterozygous traits maintain the recessive gene when dominant

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13
Q

Cline

A

Measurable gradual change over a geographic region in the average of some phenotype or genotype character such as color size and gene frequency.

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14
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Soft Lamarckism
Lamarckism

A

Born 1 aug 1744-18 dec 1829

Came up with the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

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15
Q

Ex of NS malarial flies

A 
Fly into huts
Bite someone
Land on wall to digest meal
Walls then sprayed with DDT
flies quit landing in wall
Hit ad run mosquitoes
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16
Q

NS EXAMPLE Culex pipe a

A

Insect developed an antidote for insecticide which is digested by esterases
Carry 250 different alleles for resistance

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17
Q

Gradualism

A

Small differences are the raw material from which the different major forms of life evolved.

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18
Q

Phenotypic gradualism

A

New traits, even those that are strikingly different from ancestral ones, are produced in a series of small, incremental steps

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19
Q

Punctuate equilibrium

A

Phenotypic evolution is. Concentrated in relatively brief events of branching speciation, followed by much longer intervals of evolutionary stasis

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20
Q

Sexual selection

A

Used to denote the selection of traits that are advantageous for obtaining mates but may be harmful for survival

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21
Q

Fitness

A

The total number of an individuals direct and indirect fitness; includes the genes contributed directly to offspring and those contributed indirectly by kin selection

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22
Q

Adaptation

A

The condition of showing fitness for a particular environment as applied to the characteristics of a structure, function, physiology or the entire organism and the process by which fitness is acquired by an individual.

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23
Q

Genetic drift

A

The evolution of the genetic constitution of a population by chance processes alone.

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24
Q

Example of genetic drift

A

There is 50:50 chance that two Herero Aa will give a Aa or a homo allele AA/aa.

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25
Q

Founder effect

A

An extreme example of genetic drift: a small population colonizing a new area: bucket of marbles. Pronghorn

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26
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions

A 
There is random genetic drift
Random mating
Mutations do not occur
No migration
No natural selection
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27
Q

Types of speciation

A

Allopatric, sympatric and stasipatric

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28
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Lineage independence is achieved while two or more lineages are geographically separated. Eventually becoming two separate species

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29
Q

parapatric speciation

A

Lineage independence is achieved between geographically distinct lineages which maintain limited inter lineage mating across a contact zone. Form own species

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30
Q

Stasipatric speciation

A

Lineage independence is achieved by major chromosomal rearrangements which give rise to postmarking isolating mechanisms.

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31
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

LI is achieved w/o geog. Separation but by shifts in ecology, hosts, time of reproduction, or by hybridization: such as the same species in same environment but eat different types of plants leafs

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32
Q

An evidence of plate tectonics

A

Similar flightless birds all found on southern continents: rheas, ostrich, emu, cassowaries, elephant birds, moas, kiwis, tinamous

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33
Q

Pangea separated into to two

A

Laurasia and gondwana

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34
Q

Biogeographic realms

A

Nearctic- N. America
Neotropical- S. America
Palearctic- Russia and Europe+ small Africa
Ethiopian- most Africa
Oriental-Asia
Australian- Australia
Wallace’s line is between oriental and australian

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35
Q

Niche

A

Place occupied by a species in its ecosystem, where it eats, what it eats, foraging route.

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36
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Term applied to the spread of species of common ancestry into different niches. Fishes African cichlids have minute differences dies to their niches. Also honeycreepers are another example(different beaks for insects or plants

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37
Q

Evolution convergence

A

Tasmanian wolf acts like a canine, but ha only adapted to fit a niche. It is more closly related to marsupials genetically.

38
Q

Mayr did what

A

Coined the term species and summarized everything on the subject

39
Q

Species

A

A lineage, a collection of organisms that share a unique evolutionary history and are held together by the cohesive of reproduction.

40
Q

Permeating isolation mechanism

A

Seasonal, ethological, mechanical

41
Q

Seasonal PIM

A

Potential mates do not meet

42
Q

Ethological PIM

A

Potential mates meet but do not mate due to behavior

43
Q

Mechanical PIM

A

Copulation attempted but no transfer of sperm takes place

44
Q

PIM examples include

A

Empidonax flycatchers: habitat PIM

45
Q

Postmating isolation mechanism

A

Gametic mortality
Hybrid inviability
Hybrid sterility
Zygotic mortality

46
Q

Gametic mortality

A

Sperm transfer takes place but is never fertilized

47
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

A postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which the embryonic developement is aborted

48
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

Zygote is fully viable but sterile(mule)

49
Q

Zygotes mortality

A

Egg is fertilized but zygote dies

50
Q

Eusocial animals

A

Queen and king systems of inbreeding

51
Q

Sir Alfred Wallace

A

Same concept of natural selection at the same time Darwin produced such ideas/theory’s

52
Q

Unique to humans

A

Art and abstract thinking

53
Q

Ardipithicus ramidus

A

Indicates we never walked on knuckles

54
Q

Australopithecus aferensis

A

Found in Ethiopia 3mya

Lucy

55
Q

Australopithecus africanus

A

The taunt child discovered in africa

56
Q

Australopithecus garhi

A

Scavenged lion, used tools to get to none marrow fat

57
Q

Homo habilis

A

Koobi fara, kenya

2 myo

58
Q

Skull found at dmansisi

A

Characters between h. Habilis and h. Erectus

It was surprising to find it out of africa

59
Q

Comparisons of h. Erectus an h. Sapians

A

Same rib cage
Smaller hips
More robust bones
Small brain

60
Q

Homo erg aster

A

Workin man who used many tools

61
Q

Homo heidelbergensis

A

800,000 ya

Probably ancestor to both h. Sapians and h. Neanderthalensis

62
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

Robust went after large game

63
Q

Embryology key events

A 
Gamete formation
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Organogenesis
Growth
64
Q

Spermatogenesis

A 
Spermatogonium(diploid)
Primary spermatocyte(diploid)
Meiosis 1
Secondary spermatocyte(haploid)
Meiosis 2
Spermatids
Spermatozoa
65
Q

Egg activation

A
  1. Acrosome contacts the vitelline membrane
  2. Sperm lysis create a hole in the vitelline membrane
  3. The lysis change the permeability of the plasma membrane to sodium ions
  4. Cortical granules discharge and the vitelline membranes begins to rise off the egg plasma membrane.
  5. The fertilization membrane is formed.
    Only one sperm can enter or you will have a triploid
66
Q

Morula

A

Solid ball of cells after cleavage.

67
Q

Blastula

A

Hollow ball of cells.

68
Q

Frog gastrulation 1

A

Holoblastic cleavage occurs with many cells fewer at the vegetal end

69
Q

Frog gastrulation 2

A

Begins with formation of a groove( gray cresant) and the vegetal region of the embryo.

70
Q

Frog gastrulation 3

A

Involution: cells spread from the animal pole toward the blastophore, and replace those moving into the interior of the embryo

71
Q

Frog gastrulation 4

A

A ring-like blastophore now surrounds the protruding yolk filled cells near the vegetal end of the embryo.

72
Q

Yolk plug

A

Protruding cells during frog gastrulation

73
Q

Frog gastrulation 5

A

Rolling the endoderm and mesoderm cells into the blastophore forms the archteron

74
Q

Frog gastrulation 6

A

Part I the last mesoderm cells to roll over the dorsal lip into the blastophore are the presumptive notochord. This mesoderm is referred to as the chordamesoderm. Thickening in the chordamesoderm are call somites

75
Q

Frog gastrulation 7

A

In late gastrulation changes in the dorsal surface mark the formation of the neural tube( neuralation)

76
Q

Amnion

A

Fluid filled sac that encloses the embryo and provides an aqueous environment in which the embryo floats protected from mechanical shock.

77
Q

Allantois

A

Stores metabolic wastes. Functions as a respiratory surface for exchange of oxygen

78
Q

Chorion

A

Lies just beneath the eggshell and completely encloses the rest of the embryonic system.

79
Q

Oogenesis in humans

A 
Oogonium(diploid)
Synthesis
Primary oocyte
Meiosis 1
First polar body/ secondary oocyte
Meiosis 2
Two are recycled, a second polar body, and an ovum(haploid) are produced.

The ovum is what gets fertilized by sperm.

80
Q

Heart embryogenesis

A

Cardiac loop: heart tube is folded to form an s shaped dextro-ventral comvexity.

81
Q

Heart formation 2

A

The atria are partitioned. The septum priming grows from the inferior part of the atria to the top, leaving a foramen called the ostium primum. The septum secundum comes from the top. The ostium primum will be closed by the fifth week

82
Q

Simple Epithelium types

A

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar

83
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium types

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Transitional epithelium- unstretched
Transitional epithelium - stretched

84
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Flattened cells that line, blood capillaries lungs and places for passive diffusion of gases and tissue fluids

85
Q

Simple cubidal epithelium

A

Square box like cells. Lines small ducts and tubules(kidney and salivary glands), has secretory and absorptive functions

86
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Rectangular boxes. Absorptive surfaces may be ciliated

87
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Continuous reproduction of cells to maintain many layers for protection: oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, and vagina of mammals

88
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Flexible and stretches to meet needs of transition

89
Q

3 parts to cartlage

A

Chondrocyte(inner), in lacuna(surrounds chrondoctye), immersed in a matrix

90
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Fuzzy long nuclei

91
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Round nuclei interspersed throughout

92
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Elongated nuclei in stratified rows. More orderly.

Animal Biology (6 decks)

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